这是一组两个文件,它们试图模拟您的问题。版本 1 是您所描述的,版本 2 是有效的。
版本 1(OP 问题)
文件'a.py':
print("a.py: entered a.py")
import math
print("a.py: imported math")
print("a.py: 1st dir()={}".format(dir()))
from b import *
print("a.py: imported * from b")
print("a.py: 2nd dir()={}".format(dir()))
def angle(x, y):
return math.acos(x/mysq(x*x+y*y))
print("a.py: angle has been defined")
print("a.py: 3rd dir()={}".format(dir()))
import b
print("a.py: dir(b)={}".format(dir(b)))
文件'b.py':
print("b.py: entered b.py")
print("b.py: 1st dir():{}".format(dir()))
def mysq(x):
return math.sqrt(x)
print("b.py: mysq has been defined")
print("b.py: 2nd dir():{}".format(dir()))
print("b.py: leaving b.py...")
然后
>>> import a
a.py: entered a.py
a.py: imported math
a.py: 1st dir()=['__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__',
'__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__',
'math']
b.py: entered b.py
b.py: 1st dir():['__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__',
'__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__']
b.py: mysq has been defined
b.py: 2nd dir():['__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__',
'__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__',
'mysq'] # <-- NOTICE that module 'b' is still hasn't
# loaded 'math' before leaving it!!!
b.py: leaving b.py...
a.py: imported * from b
a.py: 2nd dir()=['__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__',
'__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__',
'math', 'mysq']
a.py: angle has been defined
a.py: 3rd dir()=['__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__',
'__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__',
'angle', 'math', 'mysq']
a.py: dir(b)=['__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__',
'__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__',
'mysq'] # <-- NOTICE that module 'b' is still not aware of 'math'!!!
>>> a.angle(7,8)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "/Users/.../a.py", line 9, in angle
return math.acos(x/mysq(x*x+y*y))
File "/Users/.../b.py", line 4, in mysq
return math.sqrt(x)
NameError: name 'math' is not defined
版本 2(工作)
将import math 放入b.py 并从a.py 中删除:
文件'a.py':
from b import *
print("a.py: imported * from b")
print("a.py: 1st dir()={}".format(dir()))
def angle(x, y):
return math.acos(x/mysq(x*x+y*y))
print("a.py: angle has been defined")
print("a.py: 2nd dir()={}".format(dir()))
文件'b.py':
print("b.py: entered b.py")
import math
print("b.py: loaded math")
print("b.py: 1st dir():{}".format(dir()))
def mysq(x):
return math.sqrt(x)
print("b.py: mysq has been defined")
print("b.py: 2nd dir():{}".format(dir()))
print("b.py: leaving b.py...")
然后
>>> import a
b.py: entered b.py
b.py: loaded math
b.py: 1st dir():['__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__',
'__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__', 'math']
b.py: mysq has been defined
b.py: 2nd dir():['__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__',
'__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__',
'math', 'mysq']
b.py: leaving b.py...
a.py: imported * from b
a.py: 1st dir()=['__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__',
'__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__',
'math', 'mysq'] # <-- NOTICE 'math' in a.py!!!
a.py: angle has been defined
a.py: 2nd dir()=['__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__',
'__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__',
'angle', 'math', 'mysq']
>>> a.angle(7,8)
0.8519663271732721
我无法准确解释(制定)这种行为背后的机制,但对我来说这似乎是合理的:b.py 中的mysq() 应该如何了解math?许多print 语句的输出表明,在版本1(OP 问题)中,从b 导入会导致将b.py 中定义/导入的所有内容导入a.py 的命名空间。整个b.py 在导入a.py 时执行一次。但是,b 本身从不“知道”任何关于 math 的信息。
在版本 2 中,一切都按预期工作,因为 math 被导入到 b,它在导入到 a 时立即执行,并将 b(包括 math)中的所有内容导入到 @987654346 @。
现在,让我们做更多的实验......让我们打破第 2 版:
版本 2b(已损坏)
在此版本中,我们将a.py 修改如下(b.py 与版本 2 中的相同):
文件'a.py':
import b # <-- We do not import 'math' from b into a!
# Is it still "loaded" somehow into 'a'?
def angle(x, y):
return math.acos(x/b.mysq(x*x+y*y))
导入“只是”b 本身(与导入所有内容相反)来自 b)不会将math 导入a:
>>> a.angle(7,8)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
File "/Users/.../a.py", line 10, in angle
return math.acos(x/b.mysq(x*x+y*y))
NameError: name 'math' is not defined
版本 1b(固定)
最后,让我们通过将a 中的所有内容导入b 以及继续将b 中的所有内容导入a 来修复版本1:
文件'a.py':
print("a.py: entered a.py")
import math
print("a.py: imported math")
print("a.py: 1st dir()={}".format(dir()))
from b import *
print("a.py: imported * from b")
print("a.py: 2nd dir()={}".format(dir()))
def angle(x, y):
return math.acos(x/mysq(x*x+y*y))
print("a.py: angle has been defined")
print("a.py: 3rd dir()={}".format(dir()))
import b # extra check of b
print("a.py: dir(b)={}".format(dir(b)))
文件'b.py':
print("b.py: entered b.py")
print("b.py: 1st dir():{}".format(dir()))
from a import *
print("b.py: imported * from a")
print("b.py: 2nd dir():{}".format(dir()))
def mysq(x):
return math.sqrt(x)
print("b.py: mysq has been defined")
print("b.py: 3rd dir():{}".format(dir()))
print("b.py: leaving b.py...")
然后
>>> import a
a.py: entered a.py
a.py: imported math
a.py: 1st dir()=['__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__',
'__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__',
'math'] # 'math' is loaded first into 'a'
b.py: entered b.py
b.py: 1st dir():['__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__',
'__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__'
] # 'b' doesn't "know" yet about 'math'
b.py: imported * from a
b.py: 2nd dir():['__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__',
'__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__',
'math'] # after importing *(!!!) from 'a' into 'b', 'b' now has 'math'
b.py: mysq has been defined
b.py: 3rd dir():['__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__',
'__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__',
'math', 'mysq']
b.py: leaving b.py...
a.py: imported * from b
a.py: 2nd dir()=['__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__',
'__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__',
'math', 'mysq'] # NOTICE: math is not imported twice into 'a'
a.py: angle has been defined
a.py: 3rd dir()=['__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__',
'__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__',
'angle', 'math', 'mysq']
a.py: dir(b)=['__builtins__', '__cached__', '__doc__', '__file__',
'__loader__', '__name__', '__package__', '__spec__',
'math', 'mysq'] # just to make sure, check that 'b' still has 'math' defined.
>>> a.angle(7,8)
0.8519663271732721
因此,您可以通过将 * 从 a 导入到 b 并从 b 导入到 a 来修复您的代码。您不能将包xxx 和b 导入a 并期望b 神奇地了解xxx。例如,b 在将b 导入a 时不知道a,就像math 不知道它已导入a 并且它(math)不能“学习”当a 导入math 时,还导入了哪些其他包到a。
对了,你可以通过在a.py中切换导入顺序轻松再次破解固定版本1b:
文件'a.py':
from b import * # swap order of imports breaks Version 1b!
import math