Py 3：tkinter 帧，在帧类内部或外部编码

Question

所以我正在使用 python 3 和 tkinter 为学校创建一个 GUI 数学程序，我们必须询问用户他们想要使用什么公式（加、减、乘、除），然后问 10 个问题显示结果页面一旦在该页面上回答了所有 10 个问题，然后循环重新开始。我想创造4个不同的困难

简单 = (1,9) 之间的范围，中等 = (10,24) 之间的范围，困难 = (25,50) 之间的范围，疯狂 = (51,100) 之间的范围

到目前为止，我已经创建了如下所示的 gui，但我想知道我是要在页面类中还是在类之外组织方程式的工作。我对 python/tkinter 很陌生，我以前从未使用过它，但刚刚了解了到目前为止我在 youtube 上观看的时间和时间。

我只想知道从现在开始到哪里放置方程式代码/公式。一旦我知道把它贴在哪里，它就会消失。

（如果您将以下所有代码复制并粘贴到 python 3 中并保存，它将立即生效。由于我将其全部复制到此聊天中，任何问题都将是复制和粘贴中的缩进。

您在下面看到的任何问题，请随时指出。正如我所说，我很新，我 Google 并没有真正提供帮助，因为我不太清楚要输入什么来找到它。

亲切的问候

import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import ttk #css kind of thing for tkinter
import random

difficulty = []

LARGE_FONT = ("Times New Roman", 25)
MEDIUM_FONT = ("Times New Roman", 15)
SMALL_FONT = ("Times New Roman", 10)


###Base Code For Pages


class ourprogramclass(tk.Tk):

    def __init__ (self, *args, **kwargs):

        tk.Tk.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)

        tk.Tk.iconbitmap(self, default="mathsicon.ico")
        tk.Tk.wm_title(self, "Mathematic Equation program")

        container = tk.Frame(self)
        container.pack(side="top", fill="both", expand=True)
        container.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight=1)
        container.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1)

        self.frames = {}

        for F in (StartPage, AdditionPage, SubtractionPage, MultiplicationPage, DivisionPage ):

            frame = F(container, self)

            self.frames[F] = frame

            frame.grid(row=0, column=0, sticky="nsew")

        self.show_frame(StartPage)

    def show_frame(self, cont):

        frame = self.frames[cont]
        frame.tkraise()


###Page Classes front page



class StartPage(tk.Frame):

    def __init__(self, parent, controller):
        tk.Frame.__init__(self,parent)
        label1 = tk.Label(self, text = "Mathmatics Problems Quiz", font=LARGE_FONT)
        label2 = tk.Label(self, text = "Mathematic Equation program", font=MEDIUM_FONT)
        label3 = tk.Label(self, text = "Select Your Operation and Difficulty Level", font=SMALL_FONT)
        label1.pack(pady=10,padx=10)
        label2.pack(pady=10,padx=10)
        label3.pack(pady=10,padx=10)

        button1 = tk.Button(self, text = "Addition Equations", font=MEDIUM_FONT,command=lambda: controller.show_frame(AdditionPage)).pack(fill=X)
        label = Label(self,text="").pack()
        button2 = tk.Button(self, text = "Subtraction Equations", font=MEDIUM_FONT,command=lambda: controller.show_frame(SubtractionPage)).pack(fill=X)
        label = Label(self,text="").pack()        
        button3 = tk.Button(self, text = "Multiplication Equations", font=MEDIUM_FONT,command=lambda: controller.show_frame(MultiplicationPage)).pack(fill=X)
        label = Label(self,text="").pack()
        button4 = tk.Button(self, text = "Division Equations", font=MEDIUM_FONT,command=lambda: controller.show_frame(DivisionPage)).pack(fill=X)
        label = Label(self,text="").pack()

        label4 = tk.Label(self, text = "Select Difficulty", font=LARGE_FONT).pack()

        def checkbutton_value1():
            if (var1.get()):
                var2.set(0)
                var3.set(0)
                var4.set(0)
                del difficulty[:]
                difficulty.append(1)
                print (difficulty[0])

        def checkbutton_value2():
            if(var2.get()):
                var1.set(0)
                var3.set(0)
                var4.set(0)
                del difficulty[:]
                difficulty.append(2)
                print (difficulty[0])

        def checkbutton_value3():
            if(var3.get()):
                var1.set(0)
                var2.set(0)
                var4.set(0)
                del difficulty[:]
                difficulty.append(3)
                print (difficulty[0])

        def checkbutton_value4():
            if(var4.get()):
                var1.set(0)
                var2.set(0)
                var3.set(0)
                del difficulty[:]
                difficulty.append(4)
                print (difficulty[0])

        var1 = IntVar()
        dif_button1 = tk.Checkbutton(self, text="Easy", variable=var1, command=checkbutton_value1).pack()

        var2 = IntVar()
        dif_button2 = tk.Checkbutton(self, text="Medium", variable=var2, command=checkbutton_value2).pack()

        var3 = IntVar()
        dif_button3 = tk.Checkbutton(self, text="Hard  ", variable=var3, command=checkbutton_value3).pack()

        var4 = IntVar()
        dif_button4 = tk.Checkbutton(self, text="Insane", variable=var4, command=checkbutton_value4).pack()

        quit_button = tk.Button(self, text='Quit', command=quit, font=MEDIUM_FONT).pack(fill=X, side = BOTTOM)


###Addition Page

class AdditionPage(tk.Frame):

    def __init__(self, parent, controller):


        tk.Frame.__init__(self,parent)
        label1 = tk.Label(self, text = "Mathmatics Problems Quiz", font=LARGE_FONT).pack(pady=10,padx=10)
        label2 = tk.Label(self, text = "Mathematic Equation program", font=MEDIUM_FONT).pack(pady=10,padx=10)
        label3 = tk.Label(self, text = "You have Selected Addition as The Unit", font=SMALL_FONT).pack(pady=10,padx=10)
        button1 = tk.Button(self, text = "Reselect Unit", font=MEDIUM_FONT,command=lambda: controller.show_frame(StartPage)).pack(fill=X)

        label = Label(self,text="").pack()
        label = Label(self,text="").pack()

        #-----THIS IS WHERE I WANT THE EQUATION TO SHOW IN THE LABEL BELOW-----#

        question_label = Label(self, text="Enter Your Answer", font=MEDIUM_FONT ).pack()
        label = Label(self,text="").pack()

        self.entrytext = StringVar()
        Entry(self, textvariable=self.entrytext, font=MEDIUM_FONT,).pack(fill=X)

        label = Label(self,text="").pack()
        label = Label(self,text="").pack()
        submit_button = tk.Button(self, text = "Submit Answer", font=MEDIUM_FONT).pack(fill=X)

        quit_button = tk.Button(self, text='Quit', command=quit, font=MEDIUM_FONT,).pack(fill=X, side = BOTTOM)

####Subtraction Page

class SubtractionPage(tk.Frame):

    def __init__(self, parent, controller):
        tk.Frame.__init__(self,parent)
        label1 = tk.Label(self, text = "Mathmatics Problems Quiz", font=LARGE_FONT).pack(pady=10,padx=10)
        label2 = tk.Label(self, text = "Mathematic Equation program", font=MEDIUM_FONT).pack(pady=10,padx=10)
        label3 = tk.Label(self, text = "You have Selected Subtraction as The Unit", font=SMALL_FONT).pack(pady=10,padx=10)
        button1 = tk.Button(self, text = "Reselect Unit", font=MEDIUM_FONT,command=lambda: controller.show_frame(StartPage)).pack(fill=X)

        label = Label(self,text="").pack()
        label = Label(self,text="").pack()

        #-----THIS IS WHERE I WANT THE EQUATION TO SHOW IN THE LABEL BELOW-----#

        question_label = Label(self, text="Enter Your Answer", font=MEDIUM_FONT ).pack()
        label = Label(self,text="").pack()

        self.entrytext = StringVar()
        Entry(self, textvariable=self.entrytext, font=MEDIUM_FONT,).pack(fill=X)

        label = Label(self,text="").pack()
        label = Label(self,text="").pack()
        submit_button = tk.Button(self, text = "Submit Answer", font=MEDIUM_FONT).pack(fill=X)

        quit_button = tk.Button(self, text='Quit', command=quit, font=MEDIUM_FONT,).pack(fill=X, side = BOTTOM)

###Multiply Page

class MultiplicationPage(tk.Frame):

    def __init__(self, parent, controller):
        tk.Frame.__init__(self,parent)
        label1 = tk.Label(self, text = "Mathmatics Problems Quiz", font=LARGE_FONT).pack(pady=10,padx=10)
        label2 = tk.Label(self, text = "Mathematic Equation program", font=MEDIUM_FONT).pack(pady=10,padx=10)
        label3 = tk.Label(self, text = "You have Selected Multiplication as The Unit", font=SMALL_FONT).pack(pady=10,padx=10)
        button1 = tk.Button(self, text = "Reselect Unit", font=MEDIUM_FONT,command=lambda: controller.show_frame(StartPage)).pack(fill=X)

        label = Label(self,text="").pack()
        label = Label(self,text="").pack()

        #-----THIS IS WHERE I WANT THE EQUATION TO SHOW IN THE LABEL BELOW-----#

        question_label = Label(self, text="Enter Your Answer", font=MEDIUM_FONT ).pack()
        label = Label(self,text="").pack()

        self.entrytext = StringVar()
        Entry(self, textvariable=self.entrytext, font=MEDIUM_FONT,).pack(fill=X)

        label = Label(self,text="").pack()
        label = Label(self,text="").pack()
        submit_button = tk.Button(self, text = "Submit Answer", font=MEDIUM_FONT).pack(fill=X)

        quit_button = tk.Button(self, text='Quit', command=quit, font=MEDIUM_FONT,).pack(fill=X, side = BOTTOM)

###Division Page

class DivisionPage(tk.Frame):

    def __init__(self, parent, controller):
        tk.Frame.__init__(self,parent)
        label1 = tk.Label(self, text = "Mathmatics Problems Quiz", font=LARGE_FONT).pack(pady=10,padx=10)
        label2 = tk.Label(self, text = "Mathematic Equation program", font=MEDIUM_FONT).pack(pady=10,padx=10)
        label3 = tk.Label(self, text = "You have Selected Division as The Unit", font=SMALL_FONT).pack(pady=10,padx=10)
        button1 = tk.Button(self, text = "Reselect Unit", font=MEDIUM_FONT,command=lambda: controller.show_frame(StartPage)).pack(fill=X)

        label = Label(self,text="").pack()
        label = Label(self,text="").pack()

        #-----THIS IS WHERE I WANT THE EQUATION TO SHOW IN THE LABEL BELOW-----#

        question_label = Label(self, text="Enter Your Answer", font=MEDIUM_FONT ).pack()
        label = Label(self,text="").pack()

        self.entrytext = StringVar()
        Entry(self, textvariable=self.entrytext, font=MEDIUM_FONT,).pack(fill=X)

        label = Label(self,text="").pack()
        label = Label(self,text="").pack()
        submit_button = tk.Button(self, text = "Submit Answer", font=MEDIUM_FONT).pack(fill=X)

        quit_button = tk.Button(self, text='Quit', command=quit, font=MEDIUM_FONT,).pack(fill=X, side = BOTTOM)



app = ourprogramclass()
app.mainloop()

Answer 1

这里有一个例子让你了解*Vars的种类。

from tkinter import *
from tkinter.ttk import *


class MainPanel(Frame):
    def __init__(self, master):
        Frame.__init__(self, master)

        # first setup two StringVars. They will be linked to a Label and an Entry widget.
        # we should keep a reference to these two StringVars, because we will call their method
        # to read/write widget content.
        self.msg2show = StringVar()
        self.text_input = StringVar()

        # this is a fixed Label widget whose display will no change.
        # No need to keep a reference(meaning to assign it to a variable).
        Label(self, text='If you click the button, the text in the entry widget will show above.').pack()

        # this is a variable Label widget whose display is decided by the linked variable `self.msg2show`
        Label(self, textvariable=self.msg2show).pack()

        # this is a variable Entry widget whose content is saved into `self.text_input`
        Entry(self, textvariable=self.text_input).pack()

        # this is the button who will trigger `self.set_msg` on click.
        Button(self, text='Set message', command=self.set_msg).pack()

    def set_msg(self):
        # get out what in the Entry widget through calling the `get()` method of `self.text_input`
        text_in_entry_widget = self.text_input.get()
        # and print it into console, for checking.
        print(text_in_entry_widget)

        # then we set that text into self.msg2show, and since it is linked with the variable Label widget
        # the display of that Label will then be set to text_in_entry_widget.
        self.msg2show.set(text_in_entry_widget)

        # You can see here I print the `text_in_entry_widget` to console as well as to a Label.
        # You can do it in the same way.

if __name__ == '__main__':
    root = Tk()
    MainPanel(root).pack()
    root.mainloop()

Answer 2

首先，那些难度选择的复选按钮所承载的逻辑可以用单选按钮代替。它会减少很多代码。

其次，您可以将四个方程式页面共享的逻辑提取到一个基类中，并继承该基类以创建四个方程式页面。

至于你的问题，我觉得可以放在基类的某个方法中，这是我修改的代码。

《Python 编程》这本书很好地介绍了 tkinter，这个网站http://www.tcl.tk/man/tcl8.6/TkCmd/contents.htm 提供了 tk 的详细信息。

import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import *
from tkinter import ttk #css kind of thing for tkinter
import random

dif_enum = ['Easy', 'Medium', 'Hard', 'Insane']
current_difficulty = dif_enum[0]

NUM_QUESTIONS = 10

LARGE_FONT = ("Times New Roman", 25)
MEDIUM_FONT = ("Times New Roman", 15)
SMALL_FONT = ("Times New Roman", 10)


###Base Code For Pages
class ourprogramclass(tk.Tk):

    def __init__ (self, *args, **kwargs):

        tk.Tk.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)

        # tk.Tk.iconbitmap(self, default="mathsicon.ico")
        tk.Tk.wm_title(self, "Mathematic Equation program")

        container = tk.Frame(self)
        container.pack(side="top", fill="both", expand=True)
        container.grid_rowconfigure(0, weight=1)
        container.grid_columnconfigure(0, weight=1)

        self.frames = {}

        for F in (StartPage, AdditionPage, SubtractionPage, MultiplicationPage, DivisionPage ):

            frame = F(container, self)

            self.frames[F] = frame

            frame.grid(row=0, column=0, sticky="nsew")

        self.show_frame(StartPage)

    def show_frame(self, cont):

        frame = self.frames[cont]
        frame.tkraise()


###Page Classes front page
class StartPage(tk.Frame):

    def __init__(self, parent, controller):
        tk.Frame.__init__(self,parent)
        label1 = tk.Label(self, text = "Mathmatics Problems Quiz", font=LARGE_FONT)
        label2 = tk.Label(self, text = "Mathematic Equation program", font=MEDIUM_FONT)
        label3 = tk.Label(self, text = "Select Your Operation and Difficulty Level", font=SMALL_FONT)
        label1.pack(pady=10,padx=10)
        label2.pack(pady=10,padx=10)
        label3.pack(pady=10,padx=10)

        button1 = tk.Button(self, text = "Addition Equations", font=MEDIUM_FONT,command=lambda: controller.show_frame(AdditionPage)).pack(fill=X)
        label = Label(self,text="").pack()
        button2 = tk.Button(self, text = "Subtraction Equations", font=MEDIUM_FONT,command=lambda: controller.show_frame(SubtractionPage)).pack(fill=X)
        label = Label(self,text="").pack()
        button3 = tk.Button(self, text = "Multiplication Equations", font=MEDIUM_FONT,command=lambda: controller.show_frame(MultiplicationPage)).pack(fill=X)
        label = Label(self,text="").pack()
        button4 = tk.Button(self, text = "Division Equations", font=MEDIUM_FONT,command=lambda: controller.show_frame(DivisionPage)).pack(fill=X)
        label = Label(self,text="").pack()

        label4 = tk.Label(self, text = "Select Difficulty", font=LARGE_FONT).pack()

        # @etuc_comment:Use `Radiobutton` for the "select one from many" logic. It takes only a few lines.
        difficulty = tk.StringVar(value=dif_enum[0])

        def show_and_set_difficulty():
            global current_difficulty
            current_difficulty = difficulty.get()
            print(1 + dif_enum.index(difficulty.get()), difficulty.get())

        for dif in dif_enum:
            tk.Radiobutton(self, text=dif, value=dif, variable=difficulty, command=show_and_set_difficulty).pack()

        quit_button = tk.Button(self, text='Quit', command=quit, font=MEDIUM_FONT).pack(fill=X, side = BOTTOM)


class EquationPageBase(tk.Frame):
    def __init__(self, parent, controller, equal_type):
        tk.Frame.__init__(self,parent)
        tk.Label(self, text="Mathmatics Problems Quiz", font=LARGE_FONT).pack(pady=10,padx=10)
        tk.Label(self, text="Mathematic Equation program", font=MEDIUM_FONT).pack(pady=10,padx=10)
        # @etuc_comment: Use the third parameter `equal_type` for displaying current equation type.
        tk.Label(self, text="You have Selected {} as The Unit".format(equal_type), font=SMALL_FONT).pack(pady=10,padx=10)

        tk.Button(self, text="Reselect Unit", font=MEDIUM_FONT,command=lambda: controller.show_frame(StartPage)).pack(fill=X)

        Label(self,text="").pack()
        Label(self,text="").pack()

        #-----THIS IS WHERE I WANT THE EQUATION TO SHOW IN THE LABEL BELOW-----#
        self.submit_counter = 0
        self.correct_counter = 0
        self.equation_strvar = tk.StringVar(value='')
        Label(self, textvariable=self.equation_strvar, font=MEDIUM_FONT).pack()
        Label(self,text="").pack()

        self.answer_strvar = StringVar()
        Entry(self, textvariable=self.answer_strvar, font=MEDIUM_FONT, ).pack(fill=X)

        Label(self,text="").pack()
        Label(self,text="").pack()
        tk.Button(self, text="Submit Answer", font=MEDIUM_FONT, command=self.submit).pack(fill=X)

        tk.Button(self, text='Quit', command=quit, font=MEDIUM_FONT,).pack(fill=X, side = BOTTOM)

        self.update_equation()

    def update_equation(self):
        self.equation = self.gen_equal()
        self.equation_strvar.set('Enter Your Answer For: {}'.format(self.equation))
        self.answer_strvar.set('')

    def gen_equal(self):
        """
        Subclasses will overload this method to generate the proper equation according to difficulty and
        equation type setting. See an example in the `AdditionPage`
        :return: Should return the equation as string. e.g. "1 + 2"
        """
        pass

    def submit(self):
        try:
            user_answer = int(self.answer_strvar.get())
        except:
            return

        if eval(self.equation) == user_answer:
            print('Correct')
            self.correct_counter += 1
        else:
            print('Error: {} != {}, answer is {}'.format(self.equation, user_answer, eval(self.equation)))

        self.submit_counter += 1
        if self.submit_counter < NUM_QUESTIONS:
            self.update_equation()
        else:
            self.show_result()

            self.submit_counter = 0
            self.correct_counter = 0

    def show_result(self):
        print('{} questions, {} correct.'.format(NUM_QUESTIONS, self.correct_counter))


# Addition Page
class AdditionPage(EquationPageBase):
    def __init__(self, parent, controller):
        EquationPageBase.__init__(self, parent, controller, equal_type='Addition')

    def gen_equal(self):
        """
        This is an example for addition.
        """
        if current_difficulty == 'Easy':
            return '{} + {}'.format(random.randint(1, 10), random.randint(1, 10))
        elif current_difficulty == 'Medium':
            return '{} + {}'.format(random.randint(10, 25), random.randint(10, 25))
        elif current_difficulty == 'Hard':
            return '{} + {}'.format(random.randint(25, 50), random.randint(25, 50))
        elif current_difficulty == 'Insane':
            return '{} + {}'.format(random.randint(50, 100), random.randint(50, 100))
        else:
            raise ValueError('Wrong difficulty')


# Subtraction Page
class SubtractionPage(EquationPageBase):
    def __init__(self, parent, controller):
        EquationPageBase.__init__(self, parent, controller, equal_type='Subtraction')

    def gen_equal(self):
        pass


# Multiply Page
class MultiplicationPage(EquationPageBase):
    def __init__(self, parent, controller):
        EquationPageBase.__init__(self, parent, controller, equal_type='Multiplication')

    def gen_equal(self):
        pass


# Division Page
class DivisionPage(EquationPageBase):
    def __init__(self, parent, controller):
        EquationPageBase.__init__(self, parent, controller, equal_type='Division')

    def gen_equal(self):
        pass


app = ourprogramclass()
app.mainloop()