你的问题在这里:
for (; d < DEPTH; n += 2, d++, sign *= -1) {
x += pow(i_x, n) / fact(n) * sign;
}
您错误地使用了d < DEPTH,而它应该是n < DEPTH,d 与您在循环中的计算无关。以下应该可以工作——尽管我还没有编译测试。
for (; n < DEPTH; n += 2, sign *= -1) {
x += pow(i_x, n) / fact(n) * sign;
}
注意:DEPTH 或 12(例如,泰勒级数扩展,带有项 1, 3, 5, ... 11)足以解决 3e-10 错误——60-degrees 处的十亿分之三。 (虽然误差随着0-360 之间的角度增加而增加,但20 的DEPTH 将在整个范围内保持误差小于1.0e-8。)
启用编译器警告会在sine 中捕获未使用的d。
这里是一个更改的代码示例(注意:Gnu 为 PI 提供了一个常量 M_PI):
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <math.h>
#define DEPTH 16
/* n factorial */
uint64_t nfact (int n)
{
if (n <= 0) return 1;
uint64_t s = n;
while (--n)
s *= n;
return s;
}
/* y ^ x */
double powerd (const double y, const int x)
{
if (!x) return 1;
double r = y;
for (int i = 1; i < x; i++)
r *= y;
return r;
}
double sine (double deg)
{
double rad = deg * M_PI / 180.0,
x = rad;
int sign = -1;
for (int n = 3; n < DEPTH; n += 2, sign *= -1)
x += sign * powerd (rad, n) / nfact (n);
return x;
}
int main (void) {
printf (" deg sin sine\n\n");
for (int i = 0; i < 180; i++)
printf ("%3d %11.8f %11.8f\n", i, sin (i * M_PI / 180.0), sine (i));
return 0;
}
使用/输出示例
$ ./bin/sine
deg sin sine
0 0.00000000 0.00000000
1 0.01745241 0.01745241
2 0.03489950 0.03489950
3 0.05233596 0.05233596
4 0.06975647 0.06975647
5 0.08715574 0.08715574
6 0.10452846 0.10452846
7 0.12186934 0.12186934
8 0.13917310 0.13917310
9 0.15643447 0.15643447
10 0.17364818 0.17364818
11 0.19080900 0.19080900
12 0.20791169 0.20791169
13 0.22495105 0.22495105
14 0.24192190 0.24192190
15 0.25881905 0.25881905
16 0.27563736 0.27563736
17 0.29237170 0.29237170
18 0.30901699 0.30901699
19 0.32556815 0.32556815
20 0.34202014 0.34202014
21 0.35836795 0.35836795
22 0.37460659 0.37460659
23 0.39073113 0.39073113
24 0.40673664 0.40673664
25 0.42261826 0.42261826
26 0.43837115 0.43837115
27 0.45399050 0.45399050
28 0.46947156 0.46947156
29 0.48480962 0.48480962
30 0.50000000 0.50000000
31 0.51503807 0.51503807
32 0.52991926 0.52991926
33 0.54463904 0.54463904
34 0.55919290 0.55919290
35 0.57357644 0.57357644
36 0.58778525 0.58778525
37 0.60181502 0.60181502
38 0.61566148 0.61566148
39 0.62932039 0.62932039
40 0.64278761 0.64278761
41 0.65605903 0.65605903
42 0.66913061 0.66913061
43 0.68199836 0.68199836
44 0.69465837 0.69465837
45 0.70710678 0.70710678
46 0.71933980 0.71933980
47 0.73135370 0.73135370
48 0.74314483 0.74314483
49 0.75470958 0.75470958
50 0.76604444 0.76604444
51 0.77714596 0.77714596
52 0.78801075 0.78801075
53 0.79863551 0.79863551
54 0.80901699 0.80901699
55 0.81915204 0.81915204
56 0.82903757 0.82903757
57 0.83867057 0.83867057
58 0.84804810 0.84804810
59 0.85716730 0.85716730
60 0.86602540 0.86602540
61 0.87461971 0.87461971
62 0.88294759 0.88294759
63 0.89100652 0.89100652
64 0.89879405 0.89879405
65 0.90630779 0.90630779
66 0.91354546 0.91354546
67 0.92050485 0.92050485
68 0.92718385 0.92718385
69 0.93358043 0.93358043
70 0.93969262 0.93969262
71 0.94551858 0.94551858
72 0.95105652 0.95105652
73 0.95630476 0.95630476
74 0.96126170 0.96126170
75 0.96592583 0.96592583
76 0.97029573 0.97029573
77 0.97437006 0.97437006
78 0.97814760 0.97814760
79 0.98162718 0.98162718
80 0.98480775 0.98480775
81 0.98768834 0.98768834
82 0.99026807 0.99026807
83 0.99254615 0.99254615
84 0.99452190 0.99452190
85 0.99619470 0.99619470
86 0.99756405 0.99756405
87 0.99862953 0.99862953
88 0.99939083 0.99939083
89 0.99984770 0.99984770
90 1.00000000 1.00000000
91 0.99984770 0.99984770
92 0.99939083 0.99939083
93 0.99862953 0.99862953
94 0.99756405 0.99756405
95 0.99619470 0.99619470
96 0.99452190 0.99452190
97 0.99254615 0.99254615
98 0.99026807 0.99026807
99 0.98768834 0.98768834
100 0.98480775 0.98480775
101 0.98162718 0.98162718
102 0.97814760 0.97814760
103 0.97437006 0.97437006
104 0.97029573 0.97029573
105 0.96592583 0.96592583
106 0.96126170 0.96126170
107 0.95630476 0.95630476
108 0.95105652 0.95105652
109 0.94551858 0.94551858
110 0.93969262 0.93969262
111 0.93358043 0.93358043
112 0.92718385 0.92718385
113 0.92050485 0.92050485
114 0.91354546 0.91354546
115 0.90630779 0.90630779
116 0.89879405 0.89879405
117 0.89100652 0.89100652
118 0.88294759 0.88294759
119 0.87461971 0.87461971
120 0.86602540 0.86602540
121 0.85716730 0.85716730
122 0.84804810 0.84804810
123 0.83867057 0.83867057
124 0.82903757 0.82903757
125 0.81915204 0.81915204
126 0.80901699 0.80901699
127 0.79863551 0.79863551
128 0.78801075 0.78801075
129 0.77714596 0.77714596
130 0.76604444 0.76604444
131 0.75470958 0.75470958
132 0.74314483 0.74314482
133 0.73135370 0.73135370
134 0.71933980 0.71933980
135 0.70710678 0.70710678
136 0.69465837 0.69465836
137 0.68199836 0.68199835
138 0.66913061 0.66913060
139 0.65605903 0.65605902
140 0.64278761 0.64278760
141 0.62932039 0.62932038
142 0.61566148 0.61566146
143 0.60181502 0.60181501
144 0.58778525 0.58778523
145 0.57357644 0.57357642
146 0.55919290 0.55919288
147 0.54463904 0.54463901
148 0.52991926 0.52991924
149 0.51503807 0.51503804
150 0.50000000 0.49999996
151 0.48480962 0.48480958
152 0.46947156 0.46947152
153 0.45399050 0.45399045
154 0.43837115 0.43837109
155 0.42261826 0.42261820
156 0.40673664 0.40673657
157 0.39073113 0.39073105
158 0.37460659 0.37460651
159 0.35836795 0.35836786
160 0.34202014 0.34202004
161 0.32556815 0.32556804
162 0.30901699 0.30901686
163 0.29237170 0.29237156
164 0.27563736 0.27563720
165 0.25881905 0.25881887
166 0.24192190 0.24192170
167 0.22495105 0.22495084
168 0.20791169 0.20791145
169 0.19080900 0.19080873
170 0.17364818 0.17364788
171 0.15643447 0.15643414
172 0.13917310 0.13917274
173 0.12186934 0.12186895
174 0.10452846 0.10452803
175 0.08715574 0.08715526
176 0.06975647 0.06975595
177 0.05233596 0.05233537
178 0.03489950 0.03489886
179 0.01745241 0.01745170
基于深度的错误检查
针对有关计算错误的评论,您通过改变DEPTH 并设置最大错误@ 987654343@ 对0-360(或0-2PI)的范围使用类似于以下的内容,
#define DEPTH 20
#define EMAX 1.0e-8
...
/* sine as above */
...
/* cos with taylor series expansion to n = DEPTH */
long double cose (const long double deg)
{
long double rad = deg * M_PI / 180.0,
x = 1.0;
int sign = -1;
for (int n = 2; n < DEPTH; n += 2, sign *= -1)
x += sign * powerd (rad, n) / nfact (n);
return x;
}
int main (void) {
for (int i = 0; i < 180; i++) {
long double sinlibc = sin (i * M_PI / 180.0),
coslibc = cos (i * M_PI / 180.0),
sints = sine (i),
costs = cose (i),
serr = fabs (sinlibc - sints),
cerr = fabs (coslibc - costs);
if (serr > EMAX)
fprintf (stderr, "sine error exceeds limit of %e\n"
"%3d %11.8Lf %11.8Lf %Le\n",
EMAX, i, sinlibc, sints, serr);
if (cerr > EMAX)
fprintf (stderr, "cose error exceeds limit of %e\n"
"%3d %11.8Lf %11.8Lf %Le\n",
EMAX, i, coslibc, costs, cerr);
}
return 0;
}
如果您检查,您会发现对于小于DEPTH 20(每个扩展10 个项)的任何内容,对于更高的角度,误差将超过1.0e-8。令人惊讶的是,对于 DEPTH 的值低至 12(6 项),第一象限的扩展非常准确。
Addemdum - 使用0-90 和象限提高泰勒级数精度
在正常的泰勒级数展开中,误差随着角度的增加而增加。而且...因为有些人不能不修补,我想进一步比较libc sin/cos 和泰勒级数之间的准确性,如果计算限制在0-90 度并且处理90-360 的剩余时间段按象限 (2, 3 & 4) 镜像来自 0-90 的结果。它的工作原理——非常棒。
例如,仅处理角度 0-90 以及将 90 - 180、180 - 270 和 270 - 360 之间的角度加上初始 angle % 360 产生的结果与 libc 数学库函数相当。 libc 和8 和10 术语泰勒级数展开之间的最大误差分别是:
来自 libc 的最大错误 sin/cos
与TSLIM 16
sine_ts max err at : 90.00 deg -- 6.023182e-12
cose_ts max err at : 270.00 deg -- 6.513370e-11
与TSLIM 20
sine_ts max err at : 357.00 deg -- 5.342948e-16
cose_ts max err at : 270.00 deg -- 3.557149e-15
(大量的角度完全没有区别)
泰勒级数的sine 和cose 的调整版本如下:
double sine (const double deg)
{
double fp = deg - (int64_t)deg, /* save fractional part of deg */
qdeg = (int64_t)deg % 360, /* get equivalent 0-359 deg angle */
rad, sine_deg; /* radians, sine_deg */
int pos_quad = 1, /* positive quadrant flag 1,2 */
sign = -1; /* taylor series term sign */
qdeg += fp; /* add fractional part back to angle */
/* get equivalent 0-90 degree angle, set pos_quad flag */
if (90 < qdeg && qdeg <= 180) /* in 2nd quadrant */
qdeg = 180 - qdeg;
else if (180 < qdeg && qdeg <= 270) { /* in 3rd quadrant */
qdeg = qdeg - 180;
pos_quad = 0;
}
else if (270 < qdeg && qdeg <= 360) { /* in 4th quadrant */
qdeg = 360 - qdeg;
pos_quad = 0;
}
rad = qdeg * M_PI / 180.0; /* convert to radians */
sine_deg = rad; /* save copy for computation */
/* compute Taylor-Series expansion for sine for TSLIM / 2 terms */
for (int n = 3; n < TSLIM; n += 2, sign *= -1) {
double p = rad;
uint64_t f = n;
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) /* pow */
p *= rad;
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) /* nfact */
f *= i;
sine_deg += sign * p / f; /* Taylor-series term */
}
return pos_quad ? sine_deg : -sine_deg;
}
对于cos
double cose (const double deg)
{
double fp = deg - (int64_t)deg, /* save fractional part of deg */
qdeg = (int64_t)deg % 360, /* get equivalent 0-359 deg angle */
rad, cose_deg = 1.0; /* radians, cose_deg */
int pos_quad = 1, /* positive quadrant flag 1,4 */
sign = -1; /* taylor series term sign */
qdeg += fp; /* add fractional part back to angle */
/* get equivalent 0-90 degree angle, set pos_quad flag */
if (90 < qdeg && qdeg <= 180) { /* in 2nd quadrant */
qdeg = 180 - qdeg;
pos_quad = 0;
}
else if (180 < qdeg && qdeg <= 270) { /* in 3rd quadrant */
qdeg = qdeg - 180;
pos_quad = 0;
}
else if (270 < qdeg && qdeg <= 360) /* in 4th quadrant */
qdeg = 360 - qdeg;
rad = qdeg * M_PI / 180.0; /* convert to radians */
/* compute Taylor-Series expansion for sine for TSLIM / 2 terms */
for (int n = 2; n < TSLIM; n += 2, sign *= -1) {
double p = rad;
uint64_t f = n;
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) /* pow */
p *= rad;
for (int i = 1; i < n; i++) /* nfact */
f *= i;
cose_deg += sign * p / f; /* Taylor-series term */
}
return pos_quad ? cose_deg : -cose_deg;
}
发现兔子尾迹...