我有一个用 Python 编写的非常简单的网络服务器。它监听 13000 端口，如果在浏览器中打开 http://localhost:13000，我怎样才能让它提供一个简单的“Hello World”网页？
这就是我的代码：
# set up socket and connection
while True:
sock, addr = servSock.accept()
# WHAT GOES HERE?
sock.close()
如您所见，我不确定如何实际发回网页？
我只需要使用socket 库。
编辑：问题不在于我不知道如何制定 HTTP 响应，我不知道如何真正让它显示在我的浏览器中！它只是保持旋转/加载。
【问题讨论】：
标签： python http sockets webserver
# set up socket and connection
while True:
sock, addr = servSock.accept()
sock.send("""HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: text/html
<html><body>Hello World</body></html>
""");
sock.close()
【讨论】：
更新到其中一种解决方案，因为最新版本要求以字节格式发送数据
while True:
sock, addr = servSock.accept()
sock.sendall(b"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\n"
+b"Content-Type: text/html\n"
+b"\n" # Important!
+b"<html><body>Hello World</body></html>\n");
sock.shutdown(soket.SHUT_WR)
sock.close()
我本可以编辑上面的帖子，但队列已满 :(.
也可以使用encode() 方法转换为字节fromat。
【讨论】：
我接受了先前的答案并编辑了 Python3 utf-8 和字节编码的代码。感谢您的原始答案，它帮了很多忙。
import socket
MAX_PACKET = 32768
def recv_all(sock):
r'''Receive everything from `sock`, until timeout occurs, meaning sender
is exhausted, return result as string.'''
# dirty hack to simplify this stuff - you should really use zero timeout,
# deal with async socket and implement finite automata to handle incoming data
prev_timeout = sock.gettimeout()
try:
sock.settimeout(0.1)
rdata = []
while True:
try:
# Gotta watch for the bytes and utf-8 encoding in Py3
rdata.append(sock.recv(MAX_PACKET).decode('utf-8'))
except socket.timeout:
return ''.join(rdata)
# unreachable
finally:
sock.settimeout(prev_timeout)
def normalize_line_endings(s):
r'''Convert string containing various line endings like \n, \r or \r\n,
to uniform \n.'''
test = s.splitlines()
return ''.join((line + '\n') for line in s.splitlines())
def run():
r'''Main loop'''
# Create TCP socket listening on 10000 port for all connections,
# with connection queue of length 1
server_sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET,
socket.SOCK_STREAM,
socket.IPPROTO_TCP)
#Added the port 13001 for debuging purposes
try:
server_sock.bind(('0.0.0.0', 13000))
print('PORT 13000')
except:
server_sock.bind(('0.0.0.0', 13001))
print('PORT 13001')
# except:
# server_sock.bind(('0.0.0.0', 13002))
# print('PORT 13002')
server_sock.listen(1)
while True:
# accept connection
try:
client_sock, client_addr = server_sock.accept()
# headers and body are divided with \n\n (or \r\n\r\n - that's why we
# normalize endings). In real application usage, you should handle
# all variations of line endings not to screw request body
request = normalize_line_endings(recv_all(client_sock)) # hack again
request_head, request_body = request.split('\n\n', 1)
# first line is request headline, and others are headers
request_head = request_head.splitlines()
request_headline = request_head[0]
# headers have their name up to first ': '. In real world uses, they
# could duplicate, and dict drops duplicates by default, so
# be aware of this.
request_headers = dict(x.split(': ', 1) for x in request_head[1:])
# headline has form of "POST /can/i/haz/requests HTTP/1.0"
request_method, request_uri, request_proto = request_headline.split(' ', 3)
response_body = [
'<html><body><h1 style="color:red">Hello, world!</h1>',
'<p>This page is in location %(request_uri)r, was requested ' % locals(),
'using %(request_method)r, and with %(request_proto)r.</p>' % locals(),
'<p>Request body is %(request_body)r</p>' % locals(),
'<p>Actual set of headers received:</p>',
'<ul>',
]
for request_header_name, request_header_value in request_headers.items():
response_body.append('<li><b>%r</b> == %r</li>' % (request_header_name,
request_header_value))
response_body.append('</ul></body></html>')
response_body_raw = ''.join(response_body)
# Clearly state that connection will be closed after this response,
# and specify length of response body
response_headers = {
'Content-Type': 'text/html; encoding=utf8',
'Content-Length': len(response_body_raw),
'Connection': 'close',
}
response_headers_raw = ''.join('%s: %s\n' % (k, v) for k, v in \
response_headers.items())
# Reply as HTTP/1.1 server, saying "HTTP OK" (code 200).
response_proto = 'HTTP/1.1'.encode()
response_status = '200'.encode()
response_status_text = 'OK'.encode() # this can be random
# sending all this stuff
client_sock.send(b'%s %s %s' % (response_proto, response_status,
response_status_text))
client_sock.send(response_headers_raw.encode())
client_sock.send(b'\n') # to separate headers from body
client_sock.send(response_body_raw.encode())
# and closing connection, as we stated before
finally:
client_sock.close()
run()
【讨论】：
您可能想要检查 Web 对象 http://www.webob.org/
这是一个简单的轻量级项目，用于创建与 http 兼容的请求和响应。你可以对你的请求/响应对象做任何事情......或者只是将繁重的工作委托给 WebObjects
样本
>>> from webob import Response
>>> res = Response()
>>> res.status
'200 OK'
>>> res.headerlist
[('Content-Type', 'text/html; charset=UTF-8'), ('Content-Length', '0')]
>>> res.body
''
【讨论】：
或者，如果您只是不想记住完整的协议，您可以使用以下方法再次找到它：
% nc stackoverflow.com 80
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: stackoverflow.com
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Cache-Control: public, max-age=60
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
Expires: Wed, 11 Apr 2012 21:33:49 GMT
Last-Modified: Wed, 11 Apr 2012 21:32:49 GMT
Vary: *
Date: Wed, 11 Apr 2012 21:32:49 GMT
Content-Length: 206008
[...]
%
嗯，你通常会更喜欢一个比 stackoverflow 更简洁的网站（通常只提供静态文件）；）
最低要求（您会在答案中找到）是：
sock.send(r'''HTTP/1.0 200 OK
Content-Type: text/plain
Hello, world!
''')
服务器必须两次返回才能获得答案，否则浏览器会无限期地等待标头
但是要模仿网络服务器的行为，不要忘记在浏览器向您发送一些数据之后发送您的答案，然后是两个回车，通常您可以使用以下方式获取它发送的内容：
% nc -kl localhost 13000
GET / HTTP/1.1
Host: localhost:13000
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0...
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Language: en-us,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
DNT: 1
Connection: keep-alive
%
这样你就可以改进你的测试程序
【讨论】：
根据问题变化更新
它可能一直在旋转，因为在缺少Content-Length 和Connection 标头的情况下，浏览器可能会认为它是Connection: keep-alive，因此它会永远继续从您的服务器接收数据。尝试发送Connection: close，并传递实际的Content-Length 看看是否有帮助。
#!/usr/bin/env python
# coding: utf8
import socket
MAX_PACKET = 32768
def recv_all(sock):
r'''Receive everything from `sock`, until timeout occurs, meaning sender
is exhausted, return result as string.'''
# dirty hack to simplify this stuff - you should really use zero timeout,
# deal with async socket and implement finite automata to handle incoming data
prev_timeout = sock.gettimeout()
try:
sock.settimeout(0.01)
rdata = []
while True:
try:
rdata.append(sock.recv(MAX_PACKET))
except socket.timeout:
return ''.join(rdata)
# unreachable
finally:
sock.settimeout(prev_timeout)
def normalize_line_endings(s):
r'''Convert string containing various line endings like \n, \r or \r\n,
to uniform \n.'''
return ''.join((line + '\n') for line in s.splitlines())
def run():
r'''Main loop'''
# Create TCP socket listening on 10000 port for all connections,
# with connection queue of length 1
server_sock = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM, \
socket.IPPROTO_TCP)
server_sock.bind(('0.0.0.0', 13000))
server_sock.listen(1)
while True:
# accept connection
client_sock, client_addr = server_sock.accept()
# headers and body are divided with \n\n (or \r\n\r\n - that's why we
# normalize endings). In real application usage, you should handle
# all variations of line endings not to screw request body
request = normalize_line_endings(recv_all(client_sock)) # hack again
request_head, request_body = request.split('\n\n', 1)
# first line is request headline, and others are headers
request_head = request_head.splitlines()
request_headline = request_head[0]
# headers have their name up to first ': '. In real world uses, they
# could duplicate, and dict drops duplicates by default, so
# be aware of this.
request_headers = dict(x.split(': ', 1) for x in request_head[1:])
# headline has form of "POST /can/i/haz/requests HTTP/1.0"
request_method, request_uri, request_proto = request_headline.split(' ', 3)
response_body = [
'<html><body><h1>Hello, world!</h1>',
'<p>This page is in location %(request_uri)r, was requested ' % locals(),
'using %(request_method)r, and with %(request_proto)r.</p>' % locals(),
'<p>Request body is %(request_body)r</p>' % locals(),
'<p>Actual set of headers received:</p>',
'<ul>',
]
for request_header_name, request_header_value in request_headers.iteritems():
response_body.append('<li><b>%r</b> == %r</li>' % (request_header_name, \
request_header_value))
response_body.append('</ul></body></html>')
response_body_raw = ''.join(response_body)
# Clearly state that connection will be closed after this response,
# and specify length of response body
response_headers = {
'Content-Type': 'text/html; encoding=utf8',
'Content-Length': len(response_body_raw),
'Connection': 'close',
}
response_headers_raw = ''.join('%s: %s\n' % (k, v) for k, v in \
response_headers.iteritems())
# Reply as HTTP/1.1 server, saying "HTTP OK" (code 200).
response_proto = 'HTTP/1.1'
response_status = '200'
response_status_text = 'OK' # this can be random
# sending all this stuff
client_sock.send('%s %s %s' % (response_proto, response_status, \
response_status_text))
client_sock.send(response_headers_raw)
client_sock.send('\n') # to separate headers from body
client_sock.send(response_body_raw)
# and closing connection, as we stated before
client_sock.close()
run()
更详细的说明请见description of HTTP protocol。
【讨论】：
\n 在response_headers_raw 之前被省略了。
发回类似的东西：
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Wed, 11 Apr 2012 21:29:04 GMT
Server: Python/6.6.6 (custom)
Content-Type: text/html
然后是实际的 html 代码。确保在 Content-Type 行之后和 html 之前有一个换行符。
【讨论】：