苍蝇运动的流畅性问题

Question

我正在学习编程并尝试编写自己的简单 pgzero 游戏。尝试在 def update(): 中对随机坐标进行平滑的飞行运动。尝试了动画，不幸的是失败了，最终使用了 randint 和 time.sleep (1)。 苍蝇从一个地方跳到另一个地方，没有流动性。我不知道该怎么办。有人可以帮我解决问题吗？

import pgzrun
from pgzero.builtins import  Actor, animate, keys
from random import Random, randint
import time
import os

WIDTH = 800
HEIGHT = 600
TITLE = 'Zabij Muchę'
ICON = 'data/mucha.png'

tlo = Actor('background')

mucha = Actor('fly')
x=randint(150, 650)
y=randint(100,500)
mucha.x = x
mucha.y = y
muchaSpeed = 2
muchaLife = True

zabitych = 0
pudlo = 0

def killed_fly():
    killed = screen.draw.text('Mucha zabita!', (280, 350), color=(255,0 ,0), fontsize=60, alpha=0.8)
    
def draw_score():
    screen.draw.text('Trafione:', (5,10), color=(0, 128, 128))
    screen.draw.text(str(zabitych), (100,10), color=(0, 128, 0))

    screen.draw.text('Pudło:', (5,30), color=(0, 128, 128))
    screen.draw.text(str(pudlo), (100,30), color=(0, 128, 0))

def on_mouse_down(pos):
    global zabitych
    global pudlo
    if mucha.collidepoint(pos):
        update()
        zabitych += 1
        mucha.image=('fly-swatter')
        time.sleep(2)
        muchaLife = False        
    else:
        pudlo += 1
        
def update():
    if muchaLife == True:
        time.sleep(1)
        x_los = randint(150, 650)
        y_los = randint(100,500)
        mucha.x = x_los
        mucha.y = y_los
        
        

def draw():
    tlo.draw()
    mucha.draw()

    draw_score()

pgzrun.go()

Answer 1

我解决了这样的问题：

import pgzrun
import pygame
from pgzero.builtins import  Actor, animate, keys
from random import Random, randint
import time
import os

WIDTH = 800
HEIGHT = 600
TITLE = 'Zabij Muchę'
ICON = 'data/mucha.png'

tlo = Actor('background')

mucha = Actor('fly')
x_los=int(randint(150, 650))
y_los=int(randint(100,500))
mucha.x = x_los
mucha.y = y_los

muchaSpeed = 0.05
muchaLife = True

zabitych = 0
pudlo = 0
runda = 100

def on_mouse_down(pos):
    global zabitych
    global pudlo
    global muchaLife
    if mucha.collidepoint(pos):
        update()
        zabitych += 10
        muchaLife = False
        mucha.image=('fly-swatter')
        pygame.time.wait(5)
                   
def update():
    global x_los
    global y_los
    global runda
    global muchaSpeed
    i = int(randint(0, 3))
    t = 0
    if muchaLife == True:
        if i == 0:
            while t <= runda:
                x_los += muchaSpeed
                y_los += muchaSpeed
                mucha.x = x_los
                mucha.y = y_los
                pygame.time.wait(1)
                t += 1
        elif i == 1:
            while t <= runda:
                x_los -= muchaSpeed
                y_los -= muchaSpeed
                mucha.x = x_los
                mucha.y = y_los
                pygame.time.wait(1)
                t += 1
        elif i == 2:
            while t <= runda:
                x_los -= muchaSpeed
                y_los += muchaSpeed
                mucha.x = x_los
                mucha.y = y_los
                pygame.time.wait(1)
                t += 1
        elif i == 3:
            while t <= runda:
                x_los += muchaSpeed
                y_los -= muchaSpeed
                mucha.x = x_los
                mucha.y = y_los
                pygame.time.wait(1)
                t += 1

def draw():
    tlo.draw()
    mucha.draw()
    draw_score()
    if muchaLife == False:
        killed_draw()

def killed_draw():
    screen.draw.text('Mucha zabita!', (280, 350), color=(255,0 ,0), fontsize=60, alpha=0.8)
    
def draw_score():
    screen.draw.text('Punkty:', (5,10), color=(0, 128, 128))
    screen.draw.text(str(zabitych), (100,10), color=(0, 128, 0))

pgzrun.go()

我还想将游戏划分为难度级别。不幸的是，我不知道该怎么做，也不知道在哪里可以了解游戏关卡的基础知识。

下一个问题是用十字准线代替鼠标标记，例如，我不知道如何在任何地方做。 提前感谢您的帮助。

Answer 2

我昨天开始写这个答案，但与此同时你解决了你的问题:) 但我把我的代码，也许它对某人有用。它展示了如何使用scheduler 和animate

顺便说一句：我说波兰语，但我将所有变量重命名为英语（并转换文本），因为它是首选 - 更多信息请参阅 PEP 8 -- Style Guide for Python Code

---

主要问题是您使用sleep() 会阻止所有代码，而不能阻止其他元素。

在游戏和 GUI 框架中，您不应该使用 sleep() 和长时间运行的代码 - 它可能需要特殊的非阻塞函数来休眠 - 例如 pygame.time.get_ticks() - 或者它需要在单独的线程中运行代码（但它可以给其他问题）。

---

我以前从未使用过pgzero，但我创建了代码（没有sleep），它使用小步骤随机飞行x += random.randint(-5, 5)y += random.randint(-5, 5)。我使用Clock.scheduler() 而不是sleep 在死后几秒钟重新启动/重生飞行。

在这个版本中，苍蝇会做出许多小的随机动作。

import pgzrun
from pgzero.builtins import Actor, animate, keys
import random
import time
import os

# --- constants ---

WIDTH = 800
HEIGHT = 600
TITLE = 'KILL FLY!'
#ICON = 'data/fly.png'

# --- functions ---

def killed_fly():
    screen.draw.text('Fly killed!', (280, 350), color=(255,0 ,0), fontsize=60, alpha=0.8)
    
def draw_score():
    screen.draw.text('Killed:', (5,10), color=(0, 128, 128))
    screen.draw.text(str(killed), (100,10), color=(0, 128, 0))

    screen.draw.text('Missed:', (5,30), color=(0, 128, 128))
    screen.draw.text(str(missed), (100,30), color=(0, 128, 0))

def respawn():
    fly.x = random.randint(150, WIDTH-150)
    fly.y = random.randint(100, HEIGHT-100)
    fly.life = True
    fly.image = 'fly'

def on_mouse_down(pos):
    global killed
    global missed
    
    if fly.collidepoint(pos):
        killed += 1
        fly.life = False        
        fly.image = 'fly-swatter'
        clock.schedule(respawn, 1.0)
    else:
        missed += 1
        
def update():
    if fly.life:
        fly.x += random.randint(-5, 5)
        fly.y += random.randint(-5, 5)

        # keep inside window
        if fly.left < 0:
           fly.left = 0
        elif fly.right > WIDTH:
           fly.right = WIDTH

        if fly.top < 0:
           fly.top = 0
        elif fly.bottom > HEIGHT:
           fly.bottom = HEIGHT
                
def draw():
    background.draw()
    fly.draw()
    draw_score()
    if not fly.life:
       killed_fly()

# --- main ---

killed = 0
missed = 0

background = Actor('background')

fly = Actor('fly')
#fly.speed = 2

respawn() # (re)set some values at start

pgzrun.go()

---

接下来我创建了使用animate() 移动飞行的版本，我不需要update() 中的代码。函数animate() 使用on_finished=... 再次运行此函数，以便进行下一步。

import os
import random
import pgzrun
from pgzero.builtins import  Actor, animate, keys

# --- constants ---

WIDTH = 512
HEIGHT = 512
TITLE = 'KILL FLY!'
#ICON = 'data/fly.png'

# --- functions ---

def killed_fly():
    text_killed = screen.draw.text('Fly killed!', (280, 350), color=(255,0 ,0), fontsize=60, alpha=0.8)
    
def draw_score():
    screen.draw.text('Killed:', (5,10), color=(0, 128, 128))
    screen.draw.text(str(killed), (100,10), color=(0, 128, 0))

    screen.draw.text('Missed:', (5,30), color=(0, 128, 128))
    screen.draw.text(str(missed), (100,30), color=(0, 128, 0))

def respawn():
    """reset some values before every respawn"""
    fly.x = random.randint(150, WIDTH-150)
    fly.y = random.randint(100, HEIGHT-100)
    fly.life = True
    fly.image = 'fly'
    animate_fly()
    
def animate_fly():
    global anim
    
    new_x = random.randint(5, WIDTH-5)
    new_y = random.randint(5, HEIGHT-5)
    anim = animate(fly, pos=(new_x, new_y), duration=3, on_finished=animate_fly)
    
def on_mouse_down(pos):
    global killed
    global missed
    
    if fly.collidepoint(pos):
        
        if anim:
            anim.stop()
            
        killed += 1
        fly.life = False        
        fly.image = 'fly-swatter'
        clock.schedule(respawn, 1.0)
    else:
        missed += 1
        
def update():
    pass
            
def draw():
    background.draw()
    fly.draw()
    draw_score()
    if not fly.life:
       killed_fly()

# --- main ---

killed = 0
missed = 0
anim = None

background = Actor('background')

fly = Actor('fly')
fly.speed = 2

respawn()   # st

pgzrun.go()

---

编辑：

使用clock.scheduler 每 5 秒更改一次级别的版本。它将新苍蝇添加到列表中并更新所有苍蝇的速度。

为了简单起见，我创建了 Fly(Actor) 类以在类中包含所有属性和函数。

import os
import random
import pgzrun
from pgzero.builtins import  Actor, animate, keys

# --- constants ---

WIDTH = 512
HEIGHT = 512
TITLE = 'KILL FLY!'

# --- classes ---

class Fly(Actor):

    def __init__(self, *args, speed=2, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        self.speed = speed
        self.reset()
        
    def reset(self):
        """reset some values before every respawn"""
        self.x = random.randint(150, WIDTH-150)
        self.y = random.randint(100, HEIGHT-100)
        self.life = True
        self.image = 'fly'
        self.animate()

    def animate(self):
        new_x = random.randint(5, WIDTH-5)
        new_y = random.randint(5, HEIGHT-5)
        
        distance = self.distance_to((new_x, new_y))
        duration = (distance/self.speed)/50
        
        self.anim = animate(self, pos=(new_x, new_y), duration=duration, on_finished=self.animate)
        
    def check_collision(self, pos):
        if self.collidepoint(pos) and self.life:
            
            if self.anim:
                self.anim.stop()

            self.life = False        
            self.image = 'fly-swatter'
            clock.schedule(self.reset, 1.0)

            return True
        
        else:
            return False                
    
# --- functions ---

def killed_fly():
    screen.draw.text('Fly killed!', (280, 350), color=(255,0 ,0), fontsize=60, alpha=0.8)
    
def draw_score():
    screen.draw.text('Killed:', (5,10), color=(0, 128, 128))
    screen.draw.text(str(killed), (100,10), color=(0, 128, 0))

    screen.draw.text('Missed:', (5,30), color=(0, 128, 128))
    screen.draw.text(str(missed), (100,30), color=(0, 128, 0))

    screen.draw.text('Level:', (WIDTH-105,10), color=(0, 128, 128))
    screen.draw.text(str(level), (WIDTH-45,10), color=(0, 128, 0))
    
def on_mouse_down(pos):
    global killed
    global missed

    hit = False    
    
    for fly in flies:
        if fly.check_collision(pos):
            killed += 1
            hit = True
            
    if not hit:
        missed += 1
    
#def on_key_down(key):
#    global paused
#    
#    if key == keys.SPACE:
#        paused = not paused    
            
def update():
    pass
            
def draw():
    background.draw()
    
    for fly in flies:
        fly.draw()
        
    draw_score()

    #if paused:
    #    screen.draw.text('PAUSE', center=(WIDTH//2, HEIGHT//2), color=(0, 0, 0), fontsize=150)
                    
    #if not fly.life:
    #   killed_fly()

def level_up():
    global level
    global speed
    
    # level number 
    level += 1
    
    # bigger speed for flies
    speed += .5
    
    # add new fly with new speed (it will automaticaly run `animate` with this speed
    flies.append(Fly('fly', speed=speed))
    
    # change speed for other flies
    for fly in flies:
        fly.speed = speed
        
    # run it again after 5 seconds
    clock.schedule(level_up, 5.0)
    
# --- main ---

#paused = False

level  = 1   # current level
speed  = 2   # current speed

killed = 0
missed = 0

background = Actor('background')

# create list with only one fly
flies = [
  Fly('fly'),
]

# update level after 5 seconds
clock.schedule(level_up, 5.0)

pgzrun.go()

顺便说一句：当您按下 Space 时，我尝试添加功能 Pause，但似乎 animate() 没有暂停它的方法 - 它需要创建自己的 animate()。

（使用OBS录制并使用ffmpeg转换为动画.gif

---

想运行它的人的图像。

images/background.png

（来自维基百科的图片Lenna）

images/fly.png

images/fly-swatter.png

（fly 在免费的Inkscape 中创建为.svg 并导出到.png）

Answer 3

对于更改游戏中的状态（例如状态菜单/暂停/游戏），我建议您使用 python-statemachine。 https://pypi.org/project/python-statemachine/

如果您遇到 pgzero 文档中没有的问题

https://pygame-zero.readthedocs.io/en/stable/

简单地说：如果有 pgzero 不能做的事情，你必须向下一层，这意味着你需要使用 pygame（ pgzero 是基于 pygame 的，所以如果你导入了 pgzero，pygame 语法应该可以正常工作，但是如果不仅仅是import pygame。）

例如，我用这个改变了鼠标光标 pygame.mouse.set_cursor(pygame.cursors.broken_x) 基于此文档 https://www.pygame.org/docs/ref/mouse.html#pygame.mouse.set_cursor

pygame.mouse.set_cursor(pygame.cursors.broken_x)

pygame 本身提供了一个下水道游标，但对于自定义游标，我想你必须在谷歌上搜索更多。