原始递归
这是使用递归创建网格的一种可能方法 -
const makeGrid = (f, rows = 0, cols = 0) =>
rows <= 0
? []
: [ ...makeGrid(f, rows - 1, cols), makeRow(f, rows, cols) ]
const makeRow = (f, row = 0, cols = 0) =>
cols <= 0
? []
: [ ...makeRow(f, row, cols - 1), f(row, cols) ]
const g =
makeGrid((x, y) => ({ xPos: x, yPos: y }), 2, 3)
console.log(JSON.stringify(g))
// [ [ {"xPos":1,"yPos":1}
// , {"xPos":1,"yPos":2}
// , {"xPos":1,"yPos":3}
// ]
// , [ {"xPos":2,"yPos":1}
// , {"xPos":2,"yPos":2}
// , {"xPos":2,"yPos":3}
// ]
// ]
函数参数f允许我们以多种方式构造网格单元
const g =
makeGrid((x, y) => [ x - 1, y - 1 ], 3, 2)
console.log(JSON.stringify(g))
// [ [ [ 0, 0 ]
// , [ 0, 1 ]
// ]
// , [ [ 1, 0 ]
// , [ 1, 1 ]
// ]
// , [ [ 2, 0 ]
// , [ 2, 1 ]
// ]
// ]
工作更聪明,而不是更努力
根据 Bergi 的评论,您可以通过使用 curried 单元构造函数来减少一些额外的参数传递 -
const makeGrid = (f, rows = 0, cols = 0) =>
rows <= 0
? []
: [ ...makeGrid(f, rows - 1, cols), makeRow(f(rows), cols) ]
const makeRow = (f, cols = 0) =>
cols <= 0
? []
: [ ...makeRow(f, cols - 1), f(cols) ]
const g =
makeGrid
( x => y => [ x, y ] // "curried" constructor
, 2
, 3
)
console.log(JSON.stringify(g))
// [ [ [ 1, 1 ]
// , [ 1, 2 ]
// , [ 1, 3 ]
// ]
// , [ [ 2, 1 ]
// , [ 2, 2 ]
// , [ 2, 3 ]
// ]
// ]
把你的蛋糕也吃掉
或者,我们可以合并建议,并且仍然使用部分应用程序在调用站点接受二进制函数 -
const makeGrid = (f, rows = 0, cols = 0) =>
rows <= 0
? []
: [ ...makeGrid(f, rows - 1, cols)
, makeRow(_ => f(rows, _), cols) // <-- partially apply f
]
const makeRow = (f, cols = 0) =>
cols <= 0
? []
: [ ...makeRow(f, cols - 1), f(cols) ]
const g =
makeGrid
( (x,y) => [ x, y ] // ordinary constructor
, 2
, 3
)
console.log(JSON.stringify(g))
// [ [ [ 1, 1 ]
// , [ 1, 2 ]
// , [ 1, 3 ]
// ]
// , [ [ 2, 1 ]
// , [ 2, 2 ]
// , [ 2, 3 ]
// ]
// ]
第N维
以上我们仅限于二维网格。如果我们想要 3 维甚至更多维怎么办?
const identity = x =>
x
const range = (start = 0, end = 0) =>
start >= end
? []
: [ start, ...range(start + 1, end) ] // <-- recursion
const map = ([ x, ...more ], f = identity) =>
x === undefined
? []
: [ f(x), ...map(more, f) ] // <-- recursion
const makeGrid = (r = [], d = 0, ...more) =>
d === 0
? r
: map(range(0, d), x => makeGrid(r(x), ...more)) // <-- recursion
const g =
makeGrid
( x => y => z => [ x, y, z ] // <-- constructor
, 2 // <-- dimension 1
, 2 // <-- dimension 2
, 3 // <-- dimension 3
, // ... <-- dimension N
)
console.log(JSON.stringify(g))
输出
[ [ [ [0,0,0]
, [0,0,1]
, [0,0,2]
]
, [ [0,1,0]
, [0,1,1]
, [0,1,2]
]
]
, [ [ [1,0,0]
, [1,0,1]
, [1,0,2]
]
, [ [1,1,0]
, [1,1,1]
, [1,1,2]
]
]
]
任何尺寸;平坦的结果
根据您的评论,您需要一个 flat 对数组。您可以通过简单地将map 替换为flatMap 来实现,如下所示 -
const identity = x =>
x
const range = (start = 0, end = 0) =>
start >= end
? []
: [ start, ...range(start + 1, end) ]
const flatMap = ([ x, ...more ], f = identity) =>
x === undefined
? []
: [ ...f(x), ...flatMap(more, f) ] // <-- flat!
const makeGrid = (r = [], d = 0, ...more) =>
d === 0
? r
: flatMap(range(0, d), x => makeGrid(r(x), ...more))
const g =
makeGrid
( x => y => [{ x, y }] // <-- constructor
, 2 // <-- dimension 1
, 2 // <-- dimension 2
, // ... <-- dimension N
)
console.log(JSON.stringify(g))
// [ { x: 0, y: 0 }
// , { x: 0, y: 1 }
// , { x: 1, y: 0 }
// , { x: 1, y: 1 }
// ]
函数式构造函数再次展示了它的多功能性 -
const g =
makeGrid
( x => y =>
[[ 3 + x * 2, 3 + y * 2 ]] // whatever you want
, 3
, 3
)
console.log(JSON.stringify(g))
// [[3,3],[3,5],[3,7],[5,3],[5,5],[5,7],[7,3],[7,5],[7,7]]
了解详情
正如其他人所展示的,这个使用flatMap 的特定版本的makeGrid 正在有效地计算cartesian product。等到您熟悉 flatMap 时,您已经知道 List Monad!
请多吃点蛋糕!
如果您想了解更多,我想向您介绍我在计算研究中最喜欢的主题之一:定界延续。开始使用一流的延续需要对它们的某些使用方式产生直觉 -
reset
( call
( (x, y) => [[ x, y ]]
, amb([ 'J', 'Q', 'K', 'A' ])
, amb([ '♡', '♢', '♤', '♧' ])
)
)
// [ [ J, ♡ ], [ J, ♢ ], [ J, ♤ ], [ J, ♧ ]
// , [ Q, ♡ ], [ Q, ♢ ], [ Q, ♤ ], [ Q, ♧ ]
// , [ K, ♡ ], [ K, ♢ ], [ K, ♤ ], [ K, ♧ ]
// , [ A, ♡ ], [ A, ♢ ], [ A, ♤ ], [ A, ♧ ]
// ]
就像 List Monad 一样,上面的amb 封装了这种模糊(非确定性)计算的概念。我们可以使用定界延续轻松编写二维simpleGrid -
const simpleGrid = (f, dim1 = 0, dim2 = 0) =>
reset
( call
( f
, amb(range(0, dim1))
, amb(range(0, dim2))
)
)
simpleGrid((x, y) => [[x, y]], 3, 3)
// [[0,0],[0,1],[0,2],[1,0],[1,1],[1,2],[2,0],[2,1],[2,2]]
感谢amb,创建 N 维网格也变得轻而易举。实现几乎消失了 -
const always = x =>
_ => x
const multiGrid = (f = always([]), ...dims) =>
reset
( apply
( f
, dims.map(_ => amb(range(0, _)))
)
)
multiGrid
( (x, y, z) => [[ x, y, z ]] // <-- not curried this time, btw
, 3
, 3
, 3
)
// [ [0,0,0], [0,0,1], [0,0,2]
// , [0,1,0], [0,1,1], [0,1,2]
// , [0,2,0], [0,2,1], [0,2,2]
// , [1,0,0], [1,0,1], [1,0,2]
// , [1,1,0], [1,1,1], [1,1,2]
// , [1,2,0], [1,2,1], [1,2,2]
// , [2,0,0], [2,0,1], [2,0,2]
// , [2,1,0], [2,1,1], [2,1,2]
// , [2,2,0], [2,2,1], [2,2,2]
// ]
或者我们可以在单元构造函数中使用line 创建所需的增量和偏移量-
const line = (m = 1, b = 0) =>
x => m * x + b // <-- linear equation, y = mx + b
multiGrid
( (...all) => [ all.map(line(2, 3)) ] // <-- slope: 2, y-offset: 3
, 3
, 3
, 3
)
// [ [3,3,3], [3,3,5], [3,3,7]
// , [3,5,3], [3,5,5], [3,5,7]
// , [3,7,3], [3,7,5], [3,7,7]
// , [5,3,3], [5,3,5], [5,3,7]
// , [5,5,3], [5,5,5], [5,5,7]
// , [5,7,3], [5,7,5], [5,7,7]
// , [7,3,3], [7,3,5], [7,3,7]
// , [7,5,3], [7,5,5], [7,5,7]
// , [7,7,3], [7,7,5], [7,7,7]
// ]
那么reset、call、apply 和amb 来自哪里? JavaScript 不支持第一类延续,但没有什么能阻止我们implementing them on our own -
const call = (f, ...values) =>
({ type: call, f, values }) //<-- ordinary object
const apply = (f, values) =>
({ type: call, f, values }) //<-- ordinary object
const shift = (f = identity) =>
({ type: shift, f }) //<-- ordinary object
const amb = (xs = []) =>
shift(k => xs.flatMap(x => k(x))) //<-- returns ordinary object
const reset = (expr = {}) =>
loop(() => expr) //<-- ???
const loop = f =>
// ... //<-- follow the link!
鉴于您的问题的背景,很明显这是一个纯粹的学术练习。斯科特的回答为我们做出的一些权衡提供了合理的理由。希望本节向您展示更强大的计算功能可以轻松解决最初看起来很复杂的问题。
一流的延续为您的程序解锁强大的控制流。你有没有想过 JavaScript 是如何实现 function* 和 yield 的?如果 JavaScript 没有这些功能怎么办? Read the post 看看我们如何只使用普通函数来制作这些(以及更多)。
延续代码演示
在您自己的浏览器中查看它!展开下面的 sn-p 以在 JavaScript 中使用定界延续生成网格! -
// identity : 'a -> 'a
const identity = x =>
x
// always : 'a -> 'b -> 'a
const always = x =>
_ => x
// log : (string, 'a) -> unit
const log = (label, x) =>
console.log(label, JSON.stringify(x))
// line : (int, int) -> int -> int
const line = (m, b) =>
x => m * x + b
// range : (int, int) -> int array
const range = (start = 0, end = 0) =>
start >= end
? []
: [ start, ...range(start + 1, end) ]
// call : (* -> 'a expr, *) -> 'a expr
const call = (f, ...values) =>
({ type: call, f, values })
// apply : (* -> 'a expr, * array) -> 'a expr
const apply = (f, values) =>
({ type: call, f, values })
// shift : ('a expr -> 'b expr) -> 'b expr
const shift = (f = identity) =>
({ type: shift, f })
// reset : 'a expr -> 'a
const reset = (expr = {}) =>
loop(() => expr)
// amb : ('a array) -> ('a array) expr
const amb = (xs = []) =>
shift(k => xs .flatMap (x => k (x)))
// loop : (unit -> 'a expr) -> 'a
const loop = f =>
{ // aux1 : ('a expr, 'a -> 'b) -> 'b
const aux1 = (expr = {}, k = identity) =>
{ switch (expr.type)
{ case call:
return call(aux, expr.f, expr.values, k)
case shift:
return call
( aux1
, expr.f(x => trampoline(aux1(x, k)))
, identity
)
default:
return call(k, expr)
}
}
// aux : (* -> 'a, (* expr) array, 'a -> 'b) -> 'b
const aux = (f, exprs = [], k) =>
{ switch (exprs.length)
{ case 0:
return call(aux1, f(), k) // nullary continuation
case 1:
return call
( aux1
, exprs[0]
, x => call(aux1, f(x), k) // unary
)
case 2:
return call
( aux1
, exprs[0]
, x =>
call
( aux1
, exprs[1]
, y => call(aux1, f(x, y), k) // binary
)
)
case 3: // ternary ...
case 4: // quaternary ...
default: // variadic
return call
( exprs.reduce
( (mr, e) =>
k => call(mr, r => call(aux1, e, x => call(k, [ ...r, x ])))
, k => call(k, [])
)
, values => call(aux1, f(...values), k)
)
}
}
return trampoline(aux1(f()))
}
// trampoline : * -> *
const trampoline = r =>
{ while (r && r.type === call)
r = r.f(...r.values)
return r
}
// simpleGrid : ((...int -> 'a), int, int) -> 'a array
const simpleGrid = (f, dim1 = 0, dim2 = 0) =>
reset
( call
( f
, amb(range(0, dim1))
, amb(range(0, dim2))
)
)
// multiGrid : (...int -> 'a, ...int) -> 'a array
const multiGrid = (f = always([]), ...dims) =>
reset
( apply
( f
, dims.map(_ => amb(range(0, _)))
)
)
// : unit
log
( "simple grid:"
, simpleGrid((x, y) => [[x, y]], 3, 3)
)
// : unit
log
( "multiGrid:"
, multiGrid
( (...all) => [ all.map(line(2, 3)) ]
, 3
, 3
, 3
)
)