PowerShell 和 C# 中的 BigInt 不一致

Question

根据microsoft documentation[BigInt]数据类型似乎没有定义最大值，理论上可以容纳一个无限大的数字，但我发现在第28位之后，开始出现一些奇怪的事情：

PS C:\Users\Neko> [BigInt]9999999999999999999999999999
9999999999999999999999999999
PS C:\Users\Neko> [BigInt]99999999999999999999999999999
99999999999999991433150857216

如您所见，在第一个命令¹ 上，BigInt 按预期工作，但多了一个数字，在将99999999999999999999999999999 转换为99999999999999991433150857216 的位置似乎发生了一些衰减但是，提示不会引发错误，您可以继续添加更多数字，直到第 310 位数字

PS C:\Users\Neko> [BigInt]99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999
100000000000000001097906362944045541740492309677311846336810682903157585404911491537163328978494688899061249669721172515611590283743140088328307009198146046031271664502933027185697489699588559043338384466165001178426897626212945177628091195786707458122783970171784415105291802893207873272974885715430223118336
PS C:\Users\Neko\> [BigInt]999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999

这会引发错误

At line:1 char:318
+ ... 999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999
+                                                                          ~
The numeric constant 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999
99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999
99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999 is not valid.
    + CategoryInfo          : ParserError: (:) [], ParentContainsErrorRecordException
    + FullyQualifiedErrorId : BadNumericConstant

我认为这是一个控制台问题，而不是 BigInt 问题，因为错误没有提到 [BigInt] 数据类型，这与数字对于其他数据类型来说太大了

PS C:\Users\Neko> [UInt64]18446744073709551615
18446744073709551615
PS C:\Users\Neko> [UInt64]18446744073709551616
Cannot convert value "18446744073709551616" to type "System.UInt64". Error: "Value was either too large or too small
for a UInt64."
At line:1 char:1
+ [UInt64]18446744073709551616
+ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
    + CategoryInfo          : InvalidArgument: (:) [], RuntimeException
    + FullyQualifiedErrorId : InvalidCastIConvertible

对于 C#，System.Numerics.BigInt 将在第 20 位开始抛出错误，99999999999999999999 硬编码时：

namespace Test
{
    class Test
    {
        static void Main()
        {
            System.Numerics.BigInteger TestInput;
            System.Numerics.BigInteger Test = 99999999999999999999;
            System.Console.WriteLine(Test);
        }
    }
}

尝试在 Visual Studio 中构建时出现错误

Integral constant is too large

但是，我可以在ReadLine 中输入更大的数字而不会导致错误

namespace Test
{
    class Test
    {
        static void Main()
        {
            System.Numerics.BigInteger TestInput;
            TestInput = System.Numerics.BigInteger.Parse(System.Console.ReadLine());
            System.Console.WriteLine(TestInput);
        }
    }
}

这似乎确实是无限的。输入

99999999999...

（总共 24720 个字符）工作正常²

那么是什么导致[BigInt] 出现这些奇怪的活动？

---

¹_{根据([Char[]]"$([BigInt]9999999999999999999999999999)").count是28位}

²_{我懒得计算数字，试图将数字解析到 PowerShell 中会导致错误。根据this是24720个字符}

Answer 1

TLDR：在 Powershell Core 7.0 之前使用 [BigInt]::Parse 或 'literal' 语法；否则使用n 后缀。

问题 - double 文字

当涉及到无后缀文字时，Powershell 将使用该值适合的第一种类型。integral 文字的顺序是 int、long、decimal，然后是 @ 987654333@。来自 Powershell 5.1 的 documentation（加粗我的；本段与 Powershell Core 相同）：

对于没有类型后缀的整数文字：

• 如果值可以用类型[int]表示，那就是它的类型。
• 否则，如果值可以用[long]类型表示，那就是它的类型。
• 否则，如果值可以用[decimal]类型表示，那就是它的类型。
• 否则用[double]类型表示。

在您的情况下，该值超过了 decimal.MaxValue 的值，因此您的文字默认为 double 文字。 double 值不能完全表示，而是“转换”为最接近的 representable double。

$h = [double]99999999999999999999999999999
"{0:G29}" -f $h

输出

99999999999999991000000000000

显然这不是确切的数字，只是字符串形式的表示。但它让你知道发生了什么。现在我们将这个 inexact double 值 cast 转换为 BigInt。 转换运算符将原始精度损失转移并复合。这就是在 Powershell 中实际上发生的事情（注意转换为 BigInt）：

$h = [BigInt][double]99999999999999999999999999999
"{0:G}" -f $h

输出

99999999999999991433150857216

这实际上是最接近的可表示double 值。如果您可以从第一个示例中获得double 中的print the exact value，这就是它将打印的内容。当您添加额外的额外数字时，您会超过 数字文字的最大值，因此您会收到另一个异常。

C# 不一致

与 Powershell 不同，C# 默认使用 整数字面量，这就是为什么您会得到更少位数的异常。在 C# 中添加 D 后缀将为您提供更大的范围。以下工作正常，将是double。

var h = 99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999D;

再添加一位会引发以下错误：

错误 CS0594：浮点常量超出了“double”类型的范围

请注意，在 Powershell 中，D 后缀用于decimal 文字，而不是 double。 double 没有明确的后缀——假定为默认后缀。

解决方案

回到您原来的问题，根据您的 Powershell 版本，解决方案可能会有所不同：

[BigInt]::Parse

如果您使用的是 Windows Powershell 或 Powershell Core BigInteger.Parse：

[bigint]::Parse("99999999999999999999999999999") 

输出：

99999999999999999999999999999

大值文字

正如 cmets 中所指出的，另一个可行的选择是将文字括在引号中。

[bigint]'99999999999999999999999999999' 

输出

99999999999999999999999999999

不管它看起来如何，这不是[bigint]::new([string]) 的不是简写（见下文）。相反，这是一种确保文字不被视为 double 而是作为具有许多数字的整数文字的方法，即所谓的“大值文字”。请参阅文档的this section。

N 整数后缀 (v7.0+)

Powershell Core 6.2 为无符号、short 和byte 等整数类型引入了许多新的文字后缀，但没有为bigint 引入一个。这在 Powershell Core 7.0 中通过 n 后缀出现。这意味着您现在可以执行以下操作：

99999999999999999999999999999n 

输出：

99999999999999999999999999999

有关 Powershell Core 中可用后缀的更多信息，请参阅 the documentation。

[BigInt]::new

如果您尝试[bigint]::new('literal')，Powershell 会识别出您打算将该值用作文字。事实上，BigInt 没有构造函数接受 string（我们为此使用 Parse），也没有接受另一个 BigInt 的构造函数。然而，有一个构造函数采用double。我们的大值文字将以BigInt 开头，然后Powershell 会将其隐式转换为double（丢失精度），然后将其作为最佳匹配传递给[bigint]::new([double])，再次给出不正确的结果：

[bigint]::new('99999999999999999999999999999') 

输出：

99999999999999991433150857216

Answer 2

不幸的是，C# 没有 BigInteger 的字面量。实例化 BigInteger 有两种方法：

1. 从 int、long 等原始类型转换（强制转换或使用构造函数）
2. 使用 BigInteger.Parse 从字符串中解析

---

BigInteger test = BigInteger.Parse("32439845934875938475398457938457389475983475893475389457839475");
Console.WriteLine(test.ToString());
// output: 32439845934875938475398457938457389475983475893475389457839475

见How PowerShell parses numeric literals

Answer 3

为了补充现有的有用答案 - 特别是 pinkfloydx33's - 使用简洁的摘要：

默认情况下，至少 v7.0 的所有 PowerShell 版本都使用 [double] 作为 大于 [decimal]::MaxValue 的 数字文字 的数据类型>，这总是会导致准确性的损失。

• 直到 v6.x（包括 Windows PowerShell），避免这种情况的唯一方法是使用[bigint]::Parse()，将数字表示为字符串：

[bigint]::Parse('99999999999999999999999999999')

# A *cast* works too, as also shown in pinkfloydx33's answer:
[bigint] '99999999999999999999999999999'

• 在 v7+ 中，您可以使用 n 后缀 将数字文字指定为 [bigint]：

99999999999999999999999999999n  # v7+; parses as a [bigint], due to suffix 'n'

注意：可以说，鉴于 PowerShell 通常自动选择适当的数字类型，在这种情况下它应该假设n，即它应该解析无后缀的99999999999999999999999999999作为[bigint]，而不是[double] - 请参阅this GitHub proposal。

---

进一步阅读：

• 请参阅about_Numeric_Literals，它显示了所有数字类型的后缀，包括引入它们的 PowerShell 版本。

• This answer 总结了数字文字在 PowerShell 中的解释方式。

  • 简而言之：对于 integer 文字，[int] 是有史以来选择的最小类型，[long] 或 [decimal] 根据需要选择以容纳更大的值，[double] 用于值超越[decimal]::MaxValue。

Answer 4

从元数据的角度了解更多信息，

PowerShell 和 C# 都将使用 .NET Core 中的相同模块来获取 BigInt 数据类型，您可以在中查看 BigInteger 结构的元数据

C:\Program Files\dotnet\packs\Microsoft.NETCore.App.Ref\3.1.0\ref\netcoreapp3.1\System.Runtime.Numerics.dll

这包括构造函数

public BigInteger(byte[] value);
public BigInteger(decimal value);
public BigInteger(double value);
public BigInteger(int value);
public BigInteger(long value);
public BigInteger(float value);
public BigInteger(uint value);
public BigInteger(ulong value);
public BigInteger(ReadOnlySpan<byte> value, bool isUnsigned = false, bool isBigEndian = false);

这意味着基地

System.Numerics.BigInteger test = 12345;

会无意中尝试将传递给构造函数的值转换为这些数据类型之一，它可以采用的最大值，double 的最大值，但是 C# 不会尝试将数字转换为双精度数，除非使用D 后缀 指定，因此不需要后缀的最大值为ULong，其最大值为18446744073709551615（根据ULong.MaxValue）恰好小于@ 987654332@，导致积分常数错误的数字，但大于9999999999999999999，少一个字符。这就是为什么简单地做

System.Numerics.BigInteger test = 99999999999999999999;

会有错误。但是，BigInteger 中的 Parse() 方法可以采用 other 而非构造函数中的整数类型的值，它采用字符串：

public static BigInteger Parse(ReadOnlySpan<char> value, NumberStyles style = NumberStyles.Integer, IFormatProvider provider = null);
public static BigInteger Parse(string value);
public static BigInteger Parse(string value, NumberStyles style);
public static BigInteger Parse(string value, NumberStyles style, IFormatProvider provider);
public static BigInteger Parse(string value, IFormatProvider provider);

如您所见，System.Numerics.BigInteger 的 Parse() 方法将采用没有限制的 string 参数，因为它们不是整数而是单词。这就是为什么Parse() 方法确实将给你无限的价值空间。

至于 PowerShell，就像在其他答案中所说，任何超过 [decimal] 最大值的东西都将尝试转换为有很多不准确之处的 [double] 数据类型 [double] 数据类型的最大值是 309 位，这就是为什么错误只出现在第 309 位之后。

[double]::MaxValue
1.79769313486232E+308

要将其转换为非科学计数法的正常值，我们会将小数点移动 308 次，结果约为

179769313486232000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

成为可能的最高双倍。 PowerShell 中的 `[double] 数据类型也有非常奇怪的属性，也非常不准确，比如

[BigInt][double]9999999999999999999999
10000000000000000000000
[BigInt][double]9999999999999999999999999
10000000000000000905969664
[double]9999999999999999999
1E+19

由于 PowerShell 也从与 C# 相同的结构中获取 BigInt 类型，因此方法和构造函数是相同的，Parse() 在 PowerShell 中的工作方式与在 C# 中的工作方式相同。 PowerShell 7 中的更改允许将 N 后缀自动直接转换为 BigInt。

BigInt 也不使用科学记数法，因此如果使用另一种数据类型，它总是会得到准确的值，以便得到你可以使用的准确值

[BigInt]([double]::MaxValue)

你会得到什么

179769313486231570814527423731704356798070567525844996598917476803157260780028538760589558632766878171540458953514382464234321326889464182768467546703537516986049910576551282076245490090389328944075868508455133942304583236903222948165808559332123348274797826204144723168738177180919299881250404026184124858368

成为可能的最高双倍。

---

你想要的命令

PowerShell 6.x 及更低版本

[BigInt]::Parse("99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999")

PowerShell 7.0 及更高版本

99999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999N

C#

System.Numerics.Biginteger test = System.Numerics.BigInteger.Parse("999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999999")