在 Python 范围内,对尚未在该范围内声明的变量的任何赋值都会创建一个新的局部变量除非该变量在函数前面声明为使用关键字引用全局范围的变量global.
让我们看看你的伪代码的修改版本,看看会发生什么:
# Here, we're creating a variable 'x', in the __main__ scope.
x = 'None!'
def func_A():
# The below declaration lets the function know that we
# mean the global 'x' when we refer to that variable, not
# any local one
global x
x = 'A'
return x
def func_B():
# Here, we are somewhat mislead. We're actually involving two different
# variables named 'x'. One is local to func_B, the other is global.
# By calling func_A(), we do two things: we're reassigning the value
# of the GLOBAL x as part of func_A, and then taking that same value
# since it's returned by func_A, and assigning it to a LOCAL variable
# named 'x'.
x = func_A() # look at this as: x_local = func_A()
# Here, we're assigning the value of 'B' to the LOCAL x.
x = 'B' # look at this as: x_local = 'B'
return x # look at this as: return x_local
事实上,你可以用名为x_local 的变量重写所有func_B,它的工作原理是一样的。
顺序仅与函数执行更改全局 x 值的操作的顺序有关。因此在我们的示例中,顺序无关紧要,因为func_B 调用func_A。在这个例子中,顺序很重要:
def a():
global foo
foo = 'A'
def b():
global foo
foo = 'B'
b()
a()
print foo
# prints 'A' because a() was the last function to modify 'foo'.
请注意,global 仅用于修改全局对象。您仍然可以从函数中访问它们,而无需声明 global。
因此,我们有:
x = 5
def access_only():
return x
# This returns whatever the global value of 'x' is
def modify():
global x
x = 'modified'
return x
# This function makes the global 'x' equal to 'modified', and then returns that value
def create_locally():
x = 'local!'
return x
# This function creates a new local variable named 'x', and sets it as 'local',
# and returns that. The global 'x' is untouched.
注意create_locally 和access_only 之间的区别——access_only 正在访问全局 x,尽管没有调用 global,并且即使 create_locally 也不使用 global,它也会创建一个本地复制,因为它正在分配一个值。
这里的困惑是为什么你不应该使用全局变量。