面向对象编程语言的 AST（抽象语法树）是什么样的？

【问题标题】：What would an AST (abstract syntax tree) for an object-oriented programming language look like?面向对象编程语言的 AST（抽象语法树）是什么样的？
【发布时间】：2011-09-16 15:03:04
【问题描述】：

我正在阅读 AST（抽象语法树），但我看到的所有示例都使用以下表达式：

a + b * c

这可以用类似 lispy 的语法表示为：

(+ a (* b c) )

相当于：

  +
 / \
a   * 
   / \
  b   c

我的问题是 OOPL 中的类的 AST 是什么样的？

我的天真尝试是针对这个 Java 代码：

 class Person { 
     String name;
     int    age;
     public String toString() { 
        return "name";
     }
 }

是：

;Hand written
(classDeclaration Person 
     (varDeclaration String name)
     (varDeclaration int    age )
     (funcDeclaration String toString 
           (return "name")
     )
 )

但我不太确定我离真正的 AST 表示有多近或多远。

这取决于我选择的语言。需要多少细节？那些“xyzDeclaraction”是否需要或可能是：

 (Person (String name) (int age))

我在哪里可以看到实际编程语言的“真实”表示以了解更多信息。

【问题讨论】：

标签： java compiler-construction programming-languages abstract-syntax-tree


【解决方案1】：

AST 是 CST 的抽象（concrete syntax tree，或解析树）。具体语法树是用于解析文件的产生式（在语法中）产生的树。所以你的 AST 基本上是从你的语法定义中派生出来的，但是已经转换了

                        Exp                    
                      /  |  \                   
                     /   |   \                       *
                 Ident BinOp Ident       into       / \
                  /      |     \                  "x" "y"
                 /       |      \
               "x"       *      "y"

总而言之，我认为您帖子中的示例看起来不错。我可能会将变量声明包装在varDeclList 中，将函数声明包装在methDeclList 中，并将return 语句包装在stmtList 中。 （见下文。）

Apple 在他的“Java 中的现代编译器实现”一书中描述了一种或多或少“真实”的 AST 表示。 （资源可以在here找到。）

使用这些类，您的程序将表示如下：

Program
    ClassDeclList
        ClassDecl
            Identifier
                id: Person
            VarDeclList
                VarDecl
                    type: String
                    id: name
                VarDecl
                    type: int
                    id: age
            MethDeclList
                MethodDecl
                    modifiers: public
                    returnType: String
                    id: toString
                    Formals
                        (empty)
                    StmtList
                        returnStmt
                            Identifier
                                id: name

【讨论】：

  • 我想知道 varDecl 和 methodDecl 节点是否可以省略，因为我们已经在 varDeclList 分支中。还有如何表示最终字段的初始化？那是新节点assignVal 还是值varDecl？
  • 嗯..我认为VarDeclList 等是需要的，除非在退化的情况下恰好只有一个VarDecl。也就是说，ClassDecl 将（除其他外）包含VarDeclList。这就是我将它包含在示例树中的原因。
【解决方案2】：

OP：我在哪里可以看到实际编程语言的真实表示以了解更多信息？

将源文本作为文件 Person.java：

class Person {  
    String name;
    int    age;
    public String toString()
      { return "name";     } 
}

下面是来自DMS Software Reengineering Toolkit 的解析器树的 S 表达式样式转储中的具体和抽象语法树，使用其 Java1.6 解析器。所有明显的复杂性几乎都是由语言的实际复杂性（例如，Java 本身）引起的。

CST 显然包含比 AST（54 个节点）更多的东西（139 个节点）。给定 AST，AST 会丢弃所有可以从语法中自动推断出来的东西。这包括删除不带值的叶子、一元产生式，以及将由左或右递归语法规则导致的脊压缩到显式列表节点中。

左括号表示一个新的子树。左括号后面是节点类型的名称；在您了解 DMS 可以同时处理多种语言（包括相互嵌套的语言）之前，@Java~Java1_.6 似乎没有必要。 #nnnnnn 是节点的内存地址。 ^M 表示“这个节点有 M 个父节点，当 M==1 时被忽略。[...] 里面的东西是节点值。A { M } 表示这个列表节点有 M 个列表子节点。每个节点都带有标记位置信息。

这是具体语法树（请参阅下面的 AST）：

(compilation_unit@Java~Java1_6=1#4885d00^0 Line 1 Column 1 File C:/temp/Person.java
 (type_declarations@Java~Java1_6=15#4885cc0 Line 1 Column 1 File C:/temp/Person.java
  (type_declarations@Java~Java1_6=16#4884d80 Line 1 Column 1 File C:/temp/Person.java)type_declarations
  (type_declaration@Java~Java1_6=17#4885ca0 Line 1 Column 1 File C:/temp/Person.java
   (type_class_modifiers@Java~Java1_6=77#4884dc0 Line 1 Column 1 File C:/temp/Person.java)type_class_modifiers
   (class_header@Java~Java1_6=89#4884ec0 Line 1 Column 1 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |('class'@Java~Java1_6=459#4884c60[Keyword:0] Line 1 Column 1 File C:/temp/Person.java)'class'
   |(IDENTIFIER@Java~Java1_6=447#4884e20[`Person'] Line 1 Column 7 File C:/temp/Person.java)IDENTIFIER
   |(type_parameters@Java~Java1_6=408#4884e80 Line 1 Column 14 File C:/temp/Person.java)type_parameters
   )class_header
   (class_body@Java~Java1_6=94#4885c80 Line 1 Column 14 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |('{'@Java~Java1_6=448#4884e60[Keyword:0] Line 1 Column 14 File C:/temp/Person.java)'{'
   |(class_body_declarations@Java~Java1_6=111#4885c60 Line 2 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
   | (class_body_declarations@Java~Java1_6=111#4885380 Line 2 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |  (class_body_declarations@Java~Java1_6=110#4885400 Line 2 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   (class_body_declaration@Java~Java1_6=118#4885360 Line 2 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |(field_declaration@Java~Java1_6=168#4885440 Line 2 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   | (field_modifiers@Java~Java1_6=170#4884f40 Line 2 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java)field_modifiers
   |   | (type@Java~Java1_6=191#48852c0 Line 2 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |  (name@Java~Java1_6=406#48851e0 Line 2 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |   (IDENTIFIER@Java~Java1_6=447#4884f20[`String'] Line 2 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java)IDENTIFIER
   |   |   (type_arguments@Java~Java1_6=407#4885160 Line 2 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java)type_arguments
   |   |  )name
   |   |  (brackets@Java~Java1_6=157#4885260 Line 2 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java)brackets
   |   | )type
   |   | (variable_declarator_list@Java~Java1_6=179#4884e00 Line 2 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |  (variable_declarator@Java~Java1_6=181#4885300 Line 2 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |   (variable_declarator_id@Java~Java1_6=167#4885320 Line 2 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |   |(IDENTIFIER@Java~Java1_6=447#4885140[`name'] Line 2 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java)IDENTIFIER
   |   |   |(brackets@Java~Java1_6=157#4885040 Line 2 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java)brackets
   |   |   )variable_declarator_id
   |   |  )variable_declarator
   |   | )variable_declarator_list
   |   | (';'@Java~Java1_6=440#4885100[Keyword:0] Line 2 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java)';'
   |   |)field_declaration
   |   )class_body_declaration
   |  )class_body_declarations
   |  (class_body_declaration@Java~Java1_6=118#48852e0 Line 3 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   (field_declaration@Java~Java1_6=168#4885480 Line 3 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |(field_modifiers@Java~Java1_6=170#4885340 Line 3 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java)field_modifiers
   |   |(type@Java~Java1_6=192#4885220 Line 3 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   | (primitive_type@Java~Java1_6=198#4885420 Line 3 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |  ('int'@Java~Java1_6=479#48853e0[Keyword:0] Line 3 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java)'int'
   |   | )primitive_type
   |   | (brackets@Java~Java1_6=157#4885200 Line 3 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java)brackets
   |   |)type
   |   |(variable_declarator_list@Java~Java1_6=179#4885540 Line 3 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   | (variable_declarator@Java~Java1_6=181#4885520 Line 3 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |  (variable_declarator_id@Java~Java1_6=167#4885500 Line 3 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |   (IDENTIFIER@Java~Java1_6=447#4884fc0[`age'] Line 3 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java)IDENTIFIER
   |   |   (brackets@Java~Java1_6=157#48854e0 Line 3 Column 15 File C:/temp/Person.java)brackets
   |   |  )variable_declarator_id
   |   | )variable_declarator
   |   |)variable_declarator_list
   |   |(';'@Java~Java1_6=440#48854c0[Keyword:0] Line 3 Column 15 File C:/temp/Person.java)';'
   |   )field_declaration
   |  )class_body_declaration
   | )class_body_declarations
   | (class_body_declaration@Java~Java1_6=117#4885c40 Line 4 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |  (method_declaration@Java~Java1_6=135#4885c00 Line 4 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   (method_modifiers@Java~Java1_6=141#4885700 Line 4 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |(method_modifiers@Java~Java1_6=142#4884e40 Line 4 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java)method_modifiers
   |   |(method_modifier@Java~Java1_6=147#48856a0 Line 4 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   | ('public'@Java~Java1_6=453#48853a0[Keyword:0] Line 4 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java)'public'
   |   |)method_modifier
   |   )method_modifiers
   |   (type_parameters@Java~Java1_6=408#4885740 Line 4 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java)type_parameters
   |   (type@Java~Java1_6=191#4885900 Line 4 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |(name@Java~Java1_6=406#48852a0 Line 4 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   | (IDENTIFIER@Java~Java1_6=447#4885660[`String'] Line 4 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java)IDENTIFIER
   |   | (type_arguments@Java~Java1_6=407#48851a0 Line 4 Column 19 File C:/temp/Person.java)type_arguments
   |   |)name
   |   |(brackets@Java~Java1_6=157#48858c0 Line 4 Column 19 File C:/temp/Person.java)brackets
   |   )type
   |   (IDENTIFIER@Java~Java1_6=447#48855c0[`toString'] Line 4 Column 19 File C:/temp/Person.java)IDENTIFIER
   |   (parameters@Java~Java1_6=158#48858e0 Line 4 Column 27 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |('('@Java~Java1_6=450#4885840[Keyword:0] Line 4 Column 27 File C:/temp/Person.java)'('
   |   |(')'@Java~Java1_6=451#4885620[Keyword:0] Line 4 Column 28 File C:/temp/Person.java)')'
   |   )parameters
   |   (brackets@Java~Java1_6=157#4885060 Line 5 Column 7 File C:/temp/Person.java)brackets
   |   (block@Java~Java1_6=217#4885be0 Line 5 Column 7 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |('{'@Java~Java1_6=448#48851c0[Keyword:0] Line 5 Column 7 File C:/temp/Person.java)'{'
   |   |(statement_sequence@Java~Java1_6=218#4885ba0 Line 5 Column 9 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   | (statement_sequence_member@Java~Java1_6=223#4885b80 Line 5 Column 9 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |  (executable_statement@Java~Java1_6=243#4885b60 Line 5 Column 9 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |   ('return'@Java~Java1_6=491#4884f60[Keyword:0] Line 5 Column 9 File C:/temp/Person.java)'return'
   |   |   (expression@Java~Java1_6=332#4885ac0 Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |   |(conditional_expression@Java~Java1_6=345#4885a60 Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |   | (conditional_or_expression@Java~Java1_6=347#4885a20 Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |   |  (conditional_and_expression@Java~Java1_6=349#48859e0 Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |   |   (inclusive_or_expression@Java~Java1_6=351#48857e0 Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |   |   |(exclusive_or_expression@Java~Java1_6=353#48855a0 Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |   |   | (and_expression@Java~Java1_6=355#4885940 Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |   |   |  (equality_expression@Java~Java1_6=357#4885880 Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |   |   |   (relational_expression@Java~Java1_6=360#4885800 Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |   |   |   |(shift_expression@Java~Java1_6=366#48856c0 Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |   |   |   | (additive_expression@Java~Java1_6=370#4885180 Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |   |   |   |  (multiplicative_expression@Java~Java1_6=373#4885780 Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |   |   |   |   (unary_expression@Java~Java1_6=383#4885600 Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |   |   |   |   |(unary_expression_not_plus_minus@Java~Java1_6=389#4885680 Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |   |   |   |   | (literal@Java~Java1_6=390#4884f80 Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |   |   |   |   |  (STRING@Java~Java1_6=536#4885120[`name'] Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java)STRING
   |   |   |   |   |   | )literal
   |   |   |   |   |   |)unary_expression_not_plus_minus
   |   |   |   |   |   )unary_expression
   |   |   |   |   |  )multiplicative_expression
   |   |   |   |   | )additive_expression
   |   |   |   |   |)shift_expression
   |   |   |   |   )relational_expression
   |   |   |   |  )equality_expression
   |   |   |   | )and_expression
   |   |   |   |)exclusive_or_expression
   |   |   |   )inclusive_or_expression
   |   |   |  )conditional_and_expression
   |   |   | )conditional_or_expression
   |   |   |)conditional_expression
   |   |   )expression
   |   |   (';'@Java~Java1_6=440#48856e0[Keyword:0] Line 5 Column 22 File C:/temp/Person.java)';'
   |   |  )executable_statement
   |   | )statement_sequence_member
   |   |)statement_sequence
   |   |('}'@Java~Java1_6=449#4885b40[Keyword:0] Line 5 Column 28 File C:/temp/Person.java)'}'
   |   )block
   |  )method_declaration
   | )class_body_declaration
   |)class_body_declarations
   |('}'@Java~Java1_6=449#4885bc0[Keyword:0] Line 6 Column 1 File C:/temp/Person.java)'}'
   )class_body
  )type_declaration
 )type_declarations
 (optional_CONTROL_Z@Java~Java1_6=5#4885ce0 Line 7 Column 1 File C:/temp/Person.java)optional_CONTROL_Z
)compilation_unit

这是 AST（由 DMS 从 CST 自动生成）：

(compilation_unit@Java~Java1_6=1#486f900^0 Line 1 Column 1 File C:/temp/Person.java
 (type_declarations@Java~Java1_6=15#486f4c0 {1} Line 1 Column 1 File C:/temp/Person.java
  (type_declaration@Java~Java1_6=17#486f5e0 Line 1 Column 1 File C:/temp/Person.java
   (type_class_modifiers@Java~Java1_6=77#486eda0 Line 1 Column 1 File C:/temp/Person.java)type_class_modifiers
   (class_header@Java~Java1_6=89#486ee60 Line 1 Column 1 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |(IDENTIFIER@Java~Java1_6=447#486ede0[`Person'] Line 1 Column 7 File C:/temp/Person.java)IDENTIFIER
   |(type_parameters@Java~Java1_6=408#486ee20 Line 1 Column 14 File C:/temp/Person.java)type_parameters
   )class_header
   (class_body@Java~Java1_6=94#486f040 Line 1 Column 14 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |(class_body_declarations@Java~Java1_6=111#486ee40 {3} Line 2 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
   | (class_body_declaration@Java~Java1_6=118#486f300 Line 2 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |  (field_declaration@Java~Java1_6=168#486f380 Line 2 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   (field_modifiers@Java~Java1_6=170#486eec0 Line 2 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java)field_modifiers
   |   (type@Java~Java1_6=191#486f240 Line 2 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |(name@Java~Java1_6=406#486f180 Line 2 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   | (IDENTIFIER@Java~Java1_6=447#486eea0[`String'] Line 2 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java)IDENTIFIER
   |   | (type_arguments@Java~Java1_6=407#486f0e0 Line 2 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java)type_arguments
   |   |)name
   |   |(brackets@Java~Java1_6=157#486f200 Line 2 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java)brackets
   |   )type
   |   (variable_declarator@Java~Java1_6=181#486ef20 Line 2 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |(variable_declarator_id@Java~Java1_6=167#486efe0 Line 2 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   | (IDENTIFIER@Java~Java1_6=447#486f0c0[`name'] Line 2 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java)IDENTIFIER
   |   | (brackets@Java~Java1_6=157#486f060 Line 2 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java)brackets
   |   |)variable_declarator_id
   |   )variable_declarator
   |  )field_declaration
   | )class_body_declaration
   | (class_body_declaration@Java~Java1_6=118#486f000 Line 3 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |  (field_declaration@Java~Java1_6=168#486f320 Line 3 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   (field_modifiers@Java~Java1_6=170#486f2a0 Line 3 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java)field_modifiers
   |   (type@Java~Java1_6=192#486eee0 Line 3 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |(primitive_type@Java~Java1_6=198#486ef60 Line 3 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java)primitive_type
   |   |(brackets@Java~Java1_6=157#486ee00 Line 3 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java)brackets
   |   )type
   |   (variable_declarator@Java~Java1_6=181#486f2c0 Line 3 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |(variable_declarator_id@Java~Java1_6=167#486f3a0 Line 3 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   | (IDENTIFIER@Java~Java1_6=447#486f120[`age'] Line 3 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java)IDENTIFIER
   |   | (brackets@Java~Java1_6=157#486ef00 Line 3 Column 15 File C:/temp/Person.java)brackets
   |   |)variable_declarator_id
   |   )variable_declarator
   |  )field_declaration
   | )class_body_declaration
   | (class_body_declaration@Java~Java1_6=117#486f7a0 Line 4 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |  (method_declaration@Java~Java1_6=135#486f480 Line 4 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   (method_modifiers@Java~Java1_6=141#486f460 {1} Line 4 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |(method_modifier@Java~Java1_6=147#486f400 Line 4 Column 5 File C:/temp/Person.java)method_modifier
   |   )method_modifiers
   |   (type_parameters@Java~Java1_6=408#486f540 Line 4 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java)type_parameters
   |   (type@Java~Java1_6=191#486f740 Line 4 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |(name@Java~Java1_6=406#486f620 Line 4 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   | (IDENTIFIER@Java~Java1_6=447#486f080[`String'] Line 4 Column 12 File C:/temp/Person.java)IDENTIFIER
   |   | (type_arguments@Java~Java1_6=407#486f640 Line 4 Column 19 File C:/temp/Person.java)type_arguments
   |   |)name
   |   |(brackets@Java~Java1_6=157#486f700 Line 4 Column 19 File C:/temp/Person.java)brackets
   |   )type
   |   (IDENTIFIER@Java~Java1_6=447#486f140[`toString'] Line 4 Column 19 File C:/temp/Person.java)IDENTIFIER
   |   (parameters@Java~Java1_6=158#486f760 Line 4 Column 27 File C:/temp/Person.java)parameters
   |   (brackets@Java~Java1_6=157#486f820 Line 5 Column 7 File C:/temp/Person.java)brackets
   |   (block@Java~Java1_6=217#486f780 Line 5 Column 7 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |(statement_sequence@Java~Java1_6=218#486f6e0 Line 5 Column 9 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   | (statement_sequence_member@Java~Java1_6=223#486f6c0 Line 5 Column 9 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |  (executable_statement@Java~Java1_6=243#486f6a0 Line 5 Column 9 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |   (unary_expression_not_plus_minus@Java~Java1_6=389#486f720 Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |   |(literal@Java~Java1_6=390#486f280 Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java
   |   |   | (STRING@Java~Java1_6=536#486f160[`name'] Line 5 Column 16 File C:/temp/Person.java)STRING
   |   |   |)literal
   |   |   )unary_expression_not_plus_minus
   |   |  )executable_statement
   |   | )statement_sequence_member
   |   |)statement_sequence
   |   )block
   |  )method_declaration
   | )class_body_declaration
   |)class_body_declarations
   )class_body
  )type_declaration
 )type_declarations
 (optional_CONTROL_Z@Java~Java1_6=5#486f4e0 Line 7 Column 1 File C:/temp/Person.java)optional_CONTROL_Z
)compilation_unit

2015 年 3 月编辑：Here's a link to some C++ AST examples

2015 年 5 月编辑：DMS 长期以来也开发了 Java 1.7 和 1.8。

【讨论】：

  • 您使用哪个 DMS 产品来生成 Java AST？我正在尝试下载它，我看到产品 Test (Code) Coverage、Source Code Browser、Formatter / Obfuscator 等，但没有通用的“解析器”。
  • @thatWiseGuy 几乎所有与 Java 相关的 SD 产品都将通过包含 Java 的 DMS 解析器来构建该 AST。那些产品不会给你那个 AST；他们专注于他们旨在完成的任务（例如，收集测试覆盖率、格式/混淆等）。 DMS Software Reengineering Toolkit (“DMS”) www.semanticdesigns.com/Products/DMS/DMSToolkit.html 带有 Java 前端，可以为您提供 AST 作为可操作数据结构和/或 XML 输出的一种产品结尾。 DMS 没有试用版下载，请联系 SD 了解更多详情
【解决方案3】：

看看Eclipse JDT AST 的实现。

作为第一个介绍，您也可以阅读此tutorial。

【讨论】：

  • 教程链接已损坏，请修复一下
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