中位数实施的中位数

Question

这里是通过将数组分成5组来实现中位数的伪代码

select(int A[],int first, int last, int i) {
    n = last - first + 1; /* n is the number elements to select from */
    if (i > n) {return ERROR;} /* there is no ith smallest element */
    if( n < = 100 ) {
        /********************* For Small n *********************/
        Run selection on A[first..last] taking at most n(n-1)/2 < 50n comparisons;
        swap A[first+i-1] with A[first] /* put ith smallest in A[first] */
    }
    else /* n > 100 */ {
        /********** main recursion *************************/
        numGroups = n / 5; /* integer division, round down */
        for group = 0 to numGroups-1 do {
            shift = group*5;
            /* A[first+shift] is the start of the group, A[first+shift+4] is end of group */
            find median of A[first+shift .. first+shift+4] and swap it into A[first + group];
        } /* for group */;
        lastMedian = first+numGroups-1;
        /* now the medians of the numGroups groups are all A[first .. lastMedian] */
        /****** the first recursive call to find median of medians ******/
        select(A, first, lastMedian, numGroups/2);
        /* now median of medians is in slot A[first] */
        /*********** partition array *********************/
        k = partition(A,first, last); /* See partition on page 146 of text */
        /* now k is the index where the median of median winds up, the smaller elements */
        /* will be in A[first..k-1] and larger elements will be in A[k+1..last] */
        /************ where is the ith smallest element? ********/
        if (k == first + i -1) {
            /* ith smallest is the median of medians in A[k] */
            swap A[k] and A[first] and return
        } else if (k > = first + i -1) {
            /* second recursion to find ith smallest among the "small" keys in A[first..k-1] */
            select(A, first, k-1, i);
        } else /* k < first + i -1 */ {
            /* second recursion to find the proper element among the "large" keys */
            numSmaller = k-first+1; /* the number of "smaller" keys not recursed on */
            newi = i - numSmaller;
            /* the ith smallest of A[first..last] is the newi smallest of A[k+1..last] */
            select(A, k+1, last, newi);
            /* ith smallest now in A[k+1], put it in A[first] */
            swap A[k+1] and A[first];
        } /* if k - second else */
    } /* if n - else part */
} /*select */

我有两个问题：

1. 第一个与分区代码有关，这里我们只给出数组及其边界，没有指示枢轴元素，那么这个分区代码应该是什么样子？我们应该选择枢轴索引和枢轴元素为：

   int pivotindex=(end-begin)/2
   int pivot values=a[pivotindex];
   

   还是随机选择？

2. 如何输出选中的中位数？

通常语言无关紧要，但如果示例能用 C++ 显示就更好了。

Answer 1

select 代码分别放置中位数。稍后将所需的i-th 最小元素放入数组的first 槽中，因此分区的枢轴，中位数的中位数，在A[first] 中（最后，那将是A[0]） .所以要输出，请阅读这个位置。

伪代码到可编译代码的翻译很简单，因为伪代码非常详细。唯一不明显的部分是 n <= 100 分支的代码、分区和中位数 5 的查找。对于 n <= 100 分支，最简单的方法是使用与 @ 相同的 partition 函数进行快速排序987654329@。要找到五个元素的中位数，可以使用简单的排序算法，例如冒泡排序、插入排序、香槟排序。

自己尝试翻译，如果您有具体的困难，我们很乐意为您提供帮助。

Answer 2

可以在此处找到用于查找 n 中第 k 个最大整数的中位数算法的说明： http://cs.indstate.edu/~spitla/presentation.pdf

c++实现如下：

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <algorithm>
using namespace std;

int findMedian(vector<int> vec){
//    Find median of a vector
    int median;
    size_t size = vec.size();
    median = vec[(size/2)];
    return median;
}

int findMedianOfMedians(vector<vector<int> > values){
    vector<int> medians;

    for (int i = 0; i < values.size(); i++) {
        int m = findMedian(values[i]);
        medians.push_back(m);
    }

    return findMedian(medians);
}

void selectionByMedianOfMedians(const vector<int> values, int k){
//    Divide the list into n/5 lists of 5 elements each
    vector<vector<int> > vec2D;

    int count = 0;
    while (count != values.size()) {
        int countRow = 0;
        vector<int> row;

        while ((countRow < 5) && (count < values.size())) {
            row.push_back(values[count]);
            count++;
            countRow++;
        }
        vec2D.push_back(row);
    }

    cout<<endl<<endl<<"Printing 2D vector : "<<endl;
    for (int i = 0; i < vec2D.size(); i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j < vec2D[i].size(); j++) {
            cout<<vec2D[i][j]<<" ";
        }
        cout<<endl;
    }
    cout<<endl;

//    Calculating a new pivot for making splits
    int m = findMedianOfMedians(vec2D);
    cout<<"Median of medians is : "<<m<<endl;

//    Partition the list into unique elements larger than 'm' (call this sublist L1) and
//    those smaller them 'm' (call this sublist L2)
    vector<int> L1, L2;

    for (int i = 0; i < vec2D.size(); i++) {
        for (int j = 0; j < vec2D[i].size(); j++) {
            if (vec2D[i][j] > m) {
                L1.push_back(vec2D[i][j]);
            }else if (vec2D[i][j] < m){
                L2.push_back(vec2D[i][j]);
            }
        }
    }

//    Checking the splits as per the new pivot 'm'
    cout<<endl<<"Printing L1 : "<<endl;
    for (int i = 0; i < L1.size(); i++) {
        cout<<L1[i]<<" ";
    }

    cout<<endl<<endl<<"Printing L2 : "<<endl;
    for (int i = 0; i < L2.size(); i++) {
        cout<<L2[i]<<" ";
    }

//    Recursive calls
    if ((k - 1) == L1.size()) {
        cout<<endl<<endl<<"Answer :"<<m;
    }else if (k <= L1.size()) {
        return selectionByMedianOfMedians(L1, k);
    }else if (k > (L1.size() + 1)){
        return selectionByMedianOfMedians(L2, k-((int)L1.size())-1);
    }

}

int main()
{
    int values[] = {2, 3, 5, 4, 1, 12, 11, 13, 16, 7, 8, 6, 10, 9, 17, 15, 19, 20, 18, 23, 21, 22, 25, 24, 14};

    vector<int> vec(values, values + 25);

    cout<<"The given array is : "<<endl;
    for (int i = 0; i < vec.size(); i++) {
        cout<<vec[i]<<" ";
    }

    selectionByMedianOfMedians(vec, 8);

    return 0;
}