使用 x86 程序集和查找表的恒定成本版本:
int count_bsr(int i) {
struct {
int max;
int count;
} static digits[32] = {
{ 9, 1 }, { 9, 1 }, { 9, 1 }, { 9, 1 },
{ 99, 2 }, { 99, 2 }, { 99, 2 },
{ 999, 3 }, { 999, 3 }, { 999, 3 },
{ 9999, 4 }, { 9999, 4 }, { 9999, 4 }, { 9999, 4 },
{ 99999, 5 }, { 99999, 5 }, { 99999, 5 },
{ 999999, 6 }, { 999999, 6 }, { 999999, 6 },
{ 9999999, 7 }, { 9999999, 7 }, { 9999999, 7 }, { 9999999, 7 },
{ 99999999, 8 }, { 99999999, 8 }, { 99999999, 8 },
{ 999999999, 9 }, { 999999999, 9 }, { 999999999, 9 },
{ INT_MAX, 10 }, { INT_MAX, 10 }
};
register const int z = 0;
register unsigned log2;
if (i < 0) i = -i;
__asm__ __volatile__ (
"bsr %1, %0;" \
"cmovz %2, %0;"\
: "=r" (log2) \
: "rm" (i), "r"(z));
return digits[log2].count + ( i > digits[log2].max );
}
另一个,具有较小的查找表和取自 here 的 log10 近似值。
int count_bsr2( int i ) {
static const unsigned limits[] =
{0, 10, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000,
1000000, 10000000, 100000000, 1000000000};
register const int z = 0;
register int l, log2;
if (i < 0) i = -i;
__asm__ __volatile__ (
"bsr %1, %0;" \
"cmovz %2, %0;"\
: "=r" (log2) \
: "rm" (i), "r"(z));
l = (log2 + 1) * 1233 >> 12;
return (l + ((unsigned)i >= limits[l]));
}
这两者都利用了在 x86 上 -INT_MIN 等于 INT_MIN 的事实。
更新:
根据这里的建议,count_bsr 的时间安排和仅 64 位 count_bsr_mod 例程相比使用非常好的 paxdiablo 的二分搜索和二分斩算法稍快修改测试程序以生成具有随机符号分布的集合。测试是使用 gcc 4.9.2 构建的,使用“-O3 -falign-functions=16 -falign-jumps=16 -march=corei7-avx”选项,并在涡轮增压和睡眠状态关闭的其他静止的 Sandy Bridge 系统上执行。
bsr mod的时间:270000
bsr时间:340000
二进制斩波时间:800000
二分查找时间:770000
二分查找时间:470000
测试来源,
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <limits.h>
#include <time.h>
#define numof(a) (sizeof(a) / sizeof(a[0]))
/* Random numbers and accuracy checks. */
static int rndnum[10000];
static int rt[numof(rndnum)];
/* All digit counting functions here. */
static int count_bchop (int n) {
int r = 1;
if (n < 0) n = (n == INT_MIN) ? INT_MAX : -n;
if (n >= 100000000) {
r += 8;
n /= 100000000;
}
if (n >= 10000) {
r += 4;
n /= 10000;
}
if (n >= 100) {
r += 2;
n /= 100;
}
if (n >= 10)
r++;
return r;
}
static int count_bsearch(int i)
{
if (i < 0)
{
if (i == INT_MIN)
return 11; // special case for -2^31 because 2^31 can't fit in a two's complement 32-bit integer
i = -i;
}
if (i < 100000) {
if (i < 1000) {
if (i < 10) return 1;
else if (i < 100) return 2;
else return 3;
} else {
if (i < 10000) return 4;
else return 5;
}
} else {
if (i < 10000000) {
if (i < 1000000) return 6;
else return 7;
} else {
if (i < 100000000) return 8;
else if (i < 1000000000) return 9;
else return 10;
}
}
}
// Integer log base 10, modified binary search.
static int count_bsearch_mod(int i) {
unsigned x = (i >= 0) ? i : -i;
if (x > 99)
if (x > 999999)
if (x > 99999999)
return 9 + (x > 999999999);
else
return 7 + (x > 9999999);
else
if (x > 9999)
return 5 + (x > 99999);
else
return 3 + (x > 999);
else
return 1 + (x > 9);
}
static int count_bsr_mod(int i) {
struct {
int m_count;
int m_threshold;
} static digits[32] =
{
{ 1, 9 }, { 1, 9 }, { 1, 9 }, { 1, 9 },
{ 2, 99 }, { 2, 99 }, { 2, 99 },
{ 3, 999 }, { 3, 999 }, { 3, 999 },
{ 4, 9999 }, { 4, 9999 }, { 4, 9999 }, { 4, 9999 },
{ 5, 99999 }, { 5, 99999 }, { 5, 99999 },
{ 6, 999999 }, { 6, 999999 }, { 6, 999999 },
{ 7, 9999999 }, { 7, 9999999 }, { 7, 9999999 }, { 7, 9999999 },
{ 8, 99999999 }, { 8, 99999999 }, { 8, 99999999 },
{ 9, 999999999 }, { 9, 999999999 }, { 9, 999999999 },
{ 10, INT_MAX }, { 10, INT_MAX }
};
__asm__ __volatile__ (
"cdq \n\t"
"xorl %%edx, %0 \n\t"
"subl %%edx, %0 \n\t"
"movl %0, %%edx \n\t"
"bsrl %0, %0 \n\t"
"shlq $32, %%rdx \n\t"
"movq %P1(,%q0,8), %q0 \n\t"
"cmpq %q0, %%rdx \n\t"
"setg %%dl \n\t"
"addl %%edx, %0 \n\t"
: "+a"(i)
: "i"(digits)
: "rdx", "cc"
);
return i;
}
static int count_bsr(int i) {
struct {
int max;
int count;
} static digits[32] = {
{ 9, 1 }, { 9, 1 }, { 9, 1 }, { 9, 1 },
{ 99, 2 }, { 99, 2 }, { 99, 2 },
{ 999, 3 }, { 999, 3 }, { 999, 3 },
{ 9999, 4 }, { 9999, 4 }, { 9999, 4 }, { 9999, 4 },
{ 99999, 5 }, { 99999, 5 }, { 99999, 5 },
{ 999999, 6 }, { 999999, 6 }, { 999999, 6 },
{ 9999999, 7 }, { 9999999, 7 }, { 9999999, 7 }, { 9999999, 7 },
{ 99999999, 8 }, { 99999999, 8 }, { 99999999, 8 },
{ 999999999, 9 }, { 999999999, 9 }, { 999999999, 9 },
{ INT_MAX, 10 }, { INT_MAX, 10 }
};
register const int z = 0;
register unsigned log2;
if (i < 0) i = -i;
__asm__ __volatile__ (
"bsr %1, %0;" \
"cmovz %2, %0;"\
: "=r" (log2) \
: "rm" (i), "r"(z));
return digits[log2].count + ( i > digits[log2].max );
}
/* Structure to control calling of functions. */
typedef struct {
int (*fnptr)(int);
const char *desc;
} tFn;
static tFn fn[] = {
{ NULL, NULL },
{ count_bsr_mod, " bsr mod" },
{ count_bsr, " bsr" },
{ count_bchop, " binary chop" },
{ count_bsearch, " binary search" },
{ count_bsearch_mod," binary search mod"}
};
static clock_t clk[numof (fn)];
int main (int c, char *v[]) {
int i, j, k, r;
int s = 1;
/* Test code:
printf ("%11d %d\n", INT_MIN, count_bsearch(INT_MIN));
//for (i = -1000000000; i != 0; i /= 10)
for (i = -999999999; i != 0; i /= 10)
printf ("%11d %d\n", i, count_bsearch(i));
printf ("%11d %d\n", 0, count_bsearch(0));
for (i = 1; i != 1000000000; i *= 10)
printf ("%11d %d\n", i, count_bsearch(i));
printf ("%11d %d\n", 1000000000, count_bsearch(1000000000));
printf ("%11d %d\n", INT_MAX, count_bsearch(INT_MAX));
return 0;
/* */
/* Randomize and create random pool of numbers. */
int p, n;
p = n = 0;
srand (time (NULL));
for (j = 0; j < numof (rndnum); j++) {
rndnum[j] = ((rand() & 2) - 1) * rand();
}
rndnum[0] = INT_MAX;
rndnum[1] = INT_MIN;
/* For testing. */
for (k = 0; k < numof (rndnum); k++) {
rt[k] = (fn[1].fnptr)(rndnum[k]);
}
/* Test each of the functions in turn. */
clk[0] = clock();
for (i = 1; i < numof (fn); i++) {
for (j = 0; j < 10000; j++) {
for (k = 0; k < numof (rndnum); k++) {
r = (fn[i].fnptr)(rndnum[k]);
/* Test code:
if (r != rt[k]) {
printf ("Mismatch error [%s] %d %d %d %d\n",
fn[i].desc, k, rndnum[k], rt[k], r);
return 1;
}
/* */
}
}
clk[i] = clock();
}
/* Print out results. */
for (i = 1; i < numof (fn); i++) {
printf ("Time for %s: %10d\n", fn[i].desc, (int)(clk[i] - clk[i-1]));
}
return 0;
}