【发布时间】:2017-03-01 18:47:45
【问题描述】:
我采用了 András Kovács 的 DBIndex.hs,一个非常简单的依赖类型内核的实现,并尝试在不“破坏”类型系统的情况下尽可能地进一步简化它。经过几次简化后,我得到了一些小得多的东西:
{-# language LambdaCase, ViewPatterns #-}
data Term
= V !Int
| A Term Term
| L Term Term
| S
| E
deriving (Eq, Show)
data VTerm
= VV !Int
| VA VTerm VTerm
| VL VTerm (VTerm -> VTerm)
| VS
| VE
type Ctx = ([VTerm], [VTerm], Int)
eval :: Bool -> Term -> Term
eval typ term = err (quote 0 (eval term typ ([], [], 0))) where
eval :: Term -> Bool -> Ctx -> VTerm
eval E _ _ = VE
eval S _ _ = VS
eval (V i) typ ctx@(vs, ts, _) = (if typ then ts else vs) !! i
eval (L a b) typ ctx@(vs,ts,d) = VL a' b' where
a' = eval a False ctx
b' = \v -> eval b typ (v:vs, a':ts, d+1)
eval (A f x) typ ctx = fx where
f' = eval f typ ctx
x' = eval x False ctx
xt = eval x True ctx
fx = case f' of
(VL a b) -> if check a xt then b x' else VE -- type mismatch
VS -> VE -- non function application
f -> VA f x'
check :: VTerm -> VTerm -> Bool
check VS _ = True
check a b = quote 0 a == quote 0 b
err :: Term -> Term
err term = if ok term then term else E where
ok (A a b) = ok a && ok b
ok (L a b) = ok a && ok b
ok E = False
ok t = True
quote :: Int -> VTerm -> Term
quote d = \case
VV i -> V (d - i - 1)
VA f x -> A (quote d f) (quote d x)
VL a b -> L (quote d a) (quote (d + 1) (b (VV d)))
VS -> S
VE -> E
reduce :: Term -> Term
reduce = eval False
typeof :: Term -> Term
typeof = eval True
问题是我不知道是什么使类型系统保持一致,所以我没有标准(除了直觉)并且可能以多种方式破坏它。不过,它或多或少做了我认为类型系统应该做的事情:
main :: IO ()
main = do
-- id = ∀ (a:*) . (λ (x:a) . a)
let id = L S (L (V 0) (V 0))
-- nat = ∀ (a:*) . (a -> a) -> (a -> a)
let nat = L S (L (L (V 0) (V 1)) (L (V 1) (V 2)))
-- succ = λ (n:nat) . ∀ (a:*) . λ (s : a -> a) . λ (z:a) . s (n a s z)
let succ = L nat (L S (L (L (V 0) (V 1)) (L (V 1) (A (V 1) (A (A (A (V 3) (V 2)) (V 1)) (V 0))))))
-- zero = λ (a:*) . λ (s : a -> a) . λ (z : a) . z
let zero = L S (L (L (V 0) (V 1)) (L (V 1) (V 0)))
-- add = λ (x:nat) . λ (y:nat) . λ (a:*) . λ(s: a -> a) . λ (z : a) . (x a s (y a s z))
let add = L nat (L nat (L S (L (L (V 0) (V 1)) (L (V 1) (A (A (A (V 4) (V 2)) (V 1)) (A (A (A (V 3) (V 2)) (V 1)) (V 0)))))))
-- bool = ∀ (a:*) . a -> a -> a
let bool = L S (L (V 0) (L (V 1) (V 2)))
-- false = ∀ (a:*) . λ (x : a) . λ(y : a) . x
let false = L S (L (V 0) (L (V 1) (V 0)))
-- true = ∀ (a:*) . λ (x : a) . λ(y : a) . y
let true = L S (L (V 0) (L (V 1) (V 1)))
-- loop = ((λ (x:*) . (x x)) (λ (x:*) . (x x)))
let loop = A (L S (A (V 0) (V 0))) (L S (A (V 0) (V 0)))
-- natOrBoolId = λ (a:bool) . λ (t:(if a S then nat else bool)) . λ (x:t) . t
let natOrBoolId = L bool (L (A (A (A (V 0) S) nat) bool) (V 0))
-- nat
let c0 = zero
let c1 = A succ zero
let c2 = A succ c1
let c3 = A succ c2
let c4 = A succ c3
let c5 = A succ c4
-- Tests
let test name pass = putStrLn $ "- " ++ (if pass then "OK." else "ERR") ++ " " ++ name
putStrLn "True and false are bools"
test "typeof true == bool " $ typeof true == bool
test "typeof false == bool " $ typeof false == bool
putStrLn "Calling 'true nat' on two nats selects the first one"
test "reduce (true nat c1 c2) == c1" $ reduce (A (A (A true nat) c1) c2) == reduce c1
test "typeof (true nat c1 c2) == nat" $ typeof (A (A (A true nat) c1) c2) == nat
putStrLn "Calling 'true nat' on a bool is a type error"
test "reduce (true nat true c2) == E" $ reduce (A (A (A true nat) true) c2) == E
test "reduce (true nat c2 true) == E" $ reduce (A (A (A true nat) c2) true) == E
putStrLn "More type errors"
test "reduce (succ true) == E" $ reduce (A succ true) == E
putStrLn "Addition works"
test "reduce (add c2 c3) == c5" $ reduce (A (A add c2) c3) == reduce c5
test "typeof (add c2 c2) == nat" $ typeof (A (A add c2) c3) == nat
putStrLn "Loop isn't typeable"
test "typeof loop == E" $ typeof loop == E
putStrLn "Function with type that depends on value"
test "typeof (natOrBoolId true c2) == nat" $ typeof (A (A natOrBoolId true) c2) == nat
test "typeof (natOrBoolId true true) == E" $ typeof (A (A natOrBoolId true) true) == E
test "typeof (natOrBoolId false c2) == E" $ typeof (A (A natOrBoolId false) c2) == E
test "typeof (natOrBoolId false true) == bool" $ typeof (A (A natOrBoolId false) true) == bool
我的问题是,究竟是什么让系统保持一致?具体来说:
我从我所做的事情中遇到了什么问题(删除 Pi、合并推断/评估等)?这些可以以某种方式“合理”(生成不同的系统但仍然“正确”)吗?
基本上:是否有可能修复这个系统(即,使其“适合作为像 CoC 一样的依赖类型语言的核心”)同时保持它的小?
【问题讨论】:
-
这里有一个关于一致性的小经验法则:有没有没有人居住的类型?如果每种类型都有人居住,那么这是一个非常确定的信号,表明它是不一致的。
-
请参阅Simply Easy 或this series of lectures by Weirich(和the code)以获取小型依赖类型系统的示例。不过,我不会说您已经实现了类型检查器(例如,我希望
typeof (VL x y)返回一个 pi 类型,而不是另一个 lambda)。我推荐Types and Programming Languages 作为介绍,目前我已经完成了一半。 -
@Viclib 您可以通过给出一个函数来了解每种类型,该函数采用一种类型并产生该类型的术语。通常这很容易。例如通常可以给任何类型的无限循环。我不确定是否有一致的一致定义。如果有人做了以下事情,我当然会眯起眼睛: 1. 从 Haskell 的类型系统开始,这很容易显示不一致。 2. 连接一个新类型
UNINHABITED并使其无法被任何类型判断所访问。 3. 声称这个新系统是一致的。 -
“请注意,在这个系统上,“VL”实际上同时代表“λ”或“Pi”(因为它们的工作方式相同......)”——Thorsten Altenkirch:“一个函数及其类型是非常不同的概念,即使它们在句法上有一些表面上的相似性。尤其是对于新手来说,这种识别是非常混乱和完全误导的。我确实认为人们应该从它们的含义而不是它们的外观来理解类型理论概念"。
-
并且直接见证了Thorsten的话:你写了
∀ (a:*) . (λ (x:a) . a),但是λ (x:a) . a不是一个类型,所以它不能作为∀的参数。
标签: haskell types functional-programming agda lambda-calculus