编译 Linux 内核模块时出错：“CONFIG_X86_X32 已启用，但不支持 binutils”和不需要的“n”字符答案

【问题标题】：Errors in compiling Linux kernel module: "CONFIG_X86_X32 enabled but no binutils support" and unwanted "n" characters编译 Linux 内核模块时出错：“CONFIG_X86_X32 已启用，但不支持 binutils”和不需要的“n”字符
【发布时间】：2012-09-12 03:22:20
【问题描述】：

我正在尝试在我的 x86-64 Linux 中编译 Rasta Ring0 Debugger 0.3 版，它是一个 Linux 内核模块。我已经用 64 位汇编替换了 32 位内联汇编，正如我的问题 How to convert Linux 32-bit gcc inline assembly to 64-bit code? 中所解释的那样，通过使用 Vim 正则表达式，并且 gcc 没有给出语法错误。但我遇到了其他几个错误。

我的电脑是配备 Intel Core i7-2760QM 的 Lenovo W520 笔记本电脑，我使用的是 Debian GNU/Linux Wheezy。

这些是$ make >make_output.txt 2>&1 输出的第一行

make -C /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build/ SUBDIRS=`pwd` modules
make[1]: Entering directory `/usr/src/linux-3.5.4'
/usr/src/linux-3.5.4/arch/x86/Makefile:96: CONFIG_X86_X32 enabled but no binutils support
  CC [M]  /home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/module_nux.o
/bin/sh: 1: nobjdump: not found
  CC [M]  /home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/breakpoint.o
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/breakpoint.c: In function ‘insert_bp’:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/breakpoint.c:66:24: warning: cast to pointer from integer of different size [-Wint-to-pointer-cast]

首先，CONFIG_X86_X32 enabled but no binutils support。但在我的自定义内核.config 中，很明显它是一个 64 位系统：

#
# Automatically generated file; DO NOT EDIT.
# Linux/x86_64 3.5.4 Kernel Configuration
#
CONFIG_64BIT=y
# CONFIG_X86_32 is not set
CONFIG_X86_64=y
CONFIG_X86=y
CONFIG_INSTRUCTION_DECODER=y
CONFIG_OUTPUT_FORMAT="elf64-x86-64"
CONFIG_ARCH_DEFCONFIG="arch/x86/configs/x86_64_defconfig"

其次，$ make >make_output.txt 2>&1 输出中有这一行：

/bin/sh: 1: nobjdump: not found

显然没有nobjdump这样的程序，应该是objdump。这个n 可能来自哪里？同样的错误稍后也会出现在ld 中，形式为nld。有什么想法可能源于此错误并且可以解决？

Makefile 如下：

# EXTRA_CFLAGS +=  -O2 -Wall -DLINUX_26
EXTRA_CFLAGS +=  -O2 -Wall -DLINUX_26 -m64

OBJ          := module_nux.o breakpoint.o buffering.o command.o disasmbak.o idt.o 
OBJ          += keyboard.o page.o video.o utils.o import_symb.o core_rr0d.o pci.o
MODULE       := rr0d.o 

obj-m        := $(MODULE)
rr0d-objs    := $(OBJ)

default:
    make -C /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build/ SUBDIRS=`pwd` modules

clean:
    rm -f  *.o .*.o.cmd .*.ko.cmd *.mod.c  *~ 
    rm -rf .tmp_versions

mrproper:
    make clean
    rm -f *.ko

在Makefile 中，我将-m64 添加到EXTRA_FLAGS，但它并没有改变make 的输出。

在输出的末尾（下面的整个输出）还有三个与上面一个相同类型的错误：

/bin/sh: 1: nobjdump: not found

/bin/sh: 1: nobjdump: not found

/bin/sh: 1: nld: not found

很明显，有 3 个 n 字母不应该存在。可能这与 Rasta Ring0 调试器无关，因为我在尝试编译 'parrot' sample device driver for Linux 2.6 and 3.0 时也遇到了相同的错误。

那么，任何想法如何解决这些编译错误？谷歌搜索了几天并没有帮助，我完全没有想法。

这是整个$ make >make_output.txt 2>&1 输出（包括上面已经显示的 8 行）：

make -C /lib/modules/`uname -r`/build/ SUBDIRS=`pwd` modules
make[1]: Entering directory `/usr/src/linux-3.5.4'
/usr/src/linux-3.5.4/arch/x86/Makefile:96: CONFIG_X86_X32 enabled but no binutils support
  CC [M]  /home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/module_nux.o
/bin/sh: 1: nobjdump: not found
  CC [M]  /home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/breakpoint.o
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/breakpoint.c: In function ‘insert_bp’:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/breakpoint.c:66:24: warning: cast to pointer from integer of different size [-Wint-to-pointer-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/breakpoint.c:74:19: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/breakpoint.c:80:33: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/breakpoint.c:81:46: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/breakpoint.c: In function ‘is_breakpoint’:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/breakpoint.c:127:30: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/breakpoint.c: In function ‘parse_inst’:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/breakpoint.c:310:28: warning: cast to pointer from integer of different size [-Wint-to-pointer-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/breakpoint.c:312:19: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/breakpoint.c: In function ‘is_hw_breakpoint’:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/breakpoint.c:600:40: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/bin/sh: 1: nobjdump: not found
  CC [M]  /home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/buffering.o
/bin/sh: 1: nobjdump: not found
  CC [M]  /home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/command.o
/bin/sh: 1: nobjdump: not found
  CC [M]  /home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/disasmbak.o
/bin/sh: 1: nobjdump: not found
  CC [M]  /home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/idt.o
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/idt.c: In function ‘translate_logic_to_linear’:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/idt.c:92:17: warning: cast to pointer from integer of different size [-Wint-to-pointer-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/idt.c: In function ‘visualise_idt’:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/idt.c:157:1: warning: the frame size of 2064 bytes is larger than 2048 bytes [-Wframe-larger-than=]
/bin/sh: 1: nobjdump: not found
  CC [M]  /home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/keyboard.o
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/keyboard.c: In function ‘back_disasm’:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/keyboard.c:500:17: warning: cast to pointer from integer of different size [-Wint-to-pointer-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/keyboard.c:511:27: warning: cast to pointer from integer of different size [-Wint-to-pointer-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/keyboard.c: In function ‘handle_scancode’:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/keyboard.c:784:25: warning: cast to pointer from integer of different size [-Wint-to-pointer-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/keyboard.c:839:55: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/keyboard.c:1230:24: warning: cast to pointer from integer of different size [-Wint-to-pointer-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/keyboard.c:1245:22: warning: cast to pointer from integer of different size [-Wint-to-pointer-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/keyboard.c:1250:43: warning: cast to pointer from integer of different size [-Wint-to-pointer-cast]
/bin/sh: 1: nobjdump: not found
  CC [M]  /home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/page.o
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/page.c: In function ‘basetp’:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/page.c:68:10: warning: cast to pointer from integer of different size [-Wint-to-pointer-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/page.c: In function ‘get_page_info’:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/page.c:190:18: warning: cast to pointer from integer of different size [-Wint-to-pointer-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/page.c:193:23: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/page.c: In function ‘write_save_dirty’:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/page.c:355:33: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/page.c:359:17: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/page.c: In function ‘poked1’:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/page.c:405:49: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/page.c:434:33: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/page.c:447:17: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/page.c:472:17: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/bin/sh: 1: nobjdump: not found
  CC [M]  /home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/video.o
/bin/sh: 1: nobjdump: not found
  CC [M]  /home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/utils.o
/bin/sh: 1: nobjdump: not found
  CC [M]  /home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/import_symb.o
/bin/sh: 1: nobjdump: not found
  CC [M]  /home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.o
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c: In function ‘printf_disasm’:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:314:16: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:318:53: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:319:17: warning: cast to pointer from integer of different size [-Wint-to-pointer-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:344:12: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:358:44: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:393:50: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:417:11: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c: In function ‘dump_data’:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:457:11: warning: cast to pointer from integer of different size [-Wint-to-pointer-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:459:16: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:464:53: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:465:9: warning: cast to pointer from integer of different size [-Wint-to-pointer-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c: In function ‘_kbdhandle’:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:817:41: warning: cast to pointer from integer of different size [-Wint-to-pointer-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:824:45: warning: cast to pointer from integer of different size [-Wint-to-pointer-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c: At top level:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:841:1: warning: ‘cdecl’ attribute ignored [-Wattributes]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c: In function ‘kbdhandle’:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:845:3: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c: In function ‘step_by_step’:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:1041:44: warning: cast to pointer from integer of different size [-Wint-to-pointer-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:1063:49: warning: cast to pointer from integer of different size [-Wint-to-pointer-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c: At top level:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:1181:1: warning: ‘cdecl’ attribute ignored [-Wattributes]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c: In function ‘int0_handle’:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:1185:3: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c: At top level:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:1366:1: warning: ‘cdecl’ attribute ignored [-Wattributes]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c: In function ‘int1_handle’:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:1370:3: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c: In function ‘_int3_handle’:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:1430:30: warning: cast to pointer from integer of different size [-Wint-to-pointer-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c: At top level:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:1495:1: warning: ‘cdecl’ attribute ignored [-Wattributes]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c: In function ‘int3_handle’:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:1499:3: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c: At top level:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:1540:1: warning: ‘cdecl’ attribute ignored [-Wattributes]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c: In function ‘int6_handle’:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:1544:3: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c: At top level:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:1586:1: warning: ‘cdecl’ attribute ignored [-Wattributes]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c: In function ‘int13_handle’:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:1589:3: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c: In function ‘_int14_handle’:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:1605:32: warning: cast to pointer from integer of different size [-Wint-to-pointer-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:1606:36: warning: cast to pointer from integer of different size [-Wint-to-pointer-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c: At top level:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:1648:1: warning: ‘cdecl’ attribute ignored [-Wattributes]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c: In function ‘int14_handle’:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:1651:3: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c: In function ‘_int128_handle’:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:1664:32: warning: cast to pointer from integer of different size [-Wint-to-pointer-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:1665:36: warning: cast to pointer from integer of different size [-Wint-to-pointer-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c: At top level:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:1687:1: warning: ‘cdecl’ attribute ignored [-Wattributes]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c: In function ‘int128_handle’:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:1691:3: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c: In function ‘init_rr0d’:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:1791:13: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:1794:9: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:1846:18: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:1848:20: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:1849:20: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:1850:20: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:1851:20: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:1852:20: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:1853:20: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:1854:20: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:1869:49: warning: cast to pointer from integer of different size [-Wint-to-pointer-cast]
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c: In function ‘cleanup_rr0d’:
/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/core_rr0d.c:1938:36: warning: cast from pointer to integer of different size [-Wpointer-to-int-cast]
/bin/sh: 1: nobjdump: not found
  CC [M]  /home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/pci.o
/bin/sh: 1: nobjdump: not found
  LD [M]  /home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/rr0d.o
/bin/sh: 1: nld: not found
make[2]: *** [/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3/rr0d.o] Error 127
make[1]: *** [_module_/home/user/code/rr0d/0.3] Error 2
make[1]: Leaving directory `/usr/src/linux-3.5.4'
make: *** [default] Error 2

【问题讨论】：

你确定你的 .config 中没有 CONFIG_X86_X32=y 吗？您似乎启用了x32 ABI，但您的工具链不支持它。
@Banthar 你是对的。我混淆了CONFIG_X86_32 和CONFIG_X86_X32。现在重新编译内核，然后重新尝试编译 RR0D。
@Banthar 谢谢，解决了CONFIG_X86_X32 的问题。但是仍然存在缺少nobjdump和nld导致的错误。
nobjdump 和 nld 的问题已解决：# cd /usr/bin; ln -s objdump nobjdump; ln -s ld nld ...但仍然不知道该问题的原因。现在# insmod ./rr0d.o 打印：Error: could not insert module ./rr0d.o: Invalid module format。自 Linux 2.6 以来，模块格式是否发生了变化？
@Banthar 如果您回答您的评论，我会接受。实际上，这些修复也解决了编译'parrot' sample device driver for Linux 2.6 and 3.0 的问题，insmod ./parrot_driver.ko 和rmmod parrot_driver 都可以工作，模块功能也一样。所以现在我有了一个可以工作的内核模块，我可以开始学习 Linux 内核编程了。

标签： c gcc compiler-errors linux-kernel compiler-warnings

【解决方案1】：

如果binutils 签入，则会出现此警告 /usr/src/linux-headers-*-common/arch/x86/Makefile 失败：

ifdef CONFIG_X86_X32
    x32_ld_ok := $(call try-run,\
            /bin/echo -e '1: .quad 1b' | \
            $(CC) $(KBUILD_AFLAGS) -c -x assembler -o "$$TMP" - && \
            $(OBJCOPY) -O elf32-x86-64 "$$TMP" "$$TMPO" && \
            $(LD) -m elf32_x86_64 "$$TMPO" -o "$$TMP",y,n)
        ifeq ($(x32_ld_ok),y)
                CONFIG_X86_X32_ABI := y
                KBUILD_AFLAGS += -DCONFIG_X86_X32_ABI
                KBUILD_CFLAGS += -DCONFIG_X86_X32_ABI
        else
                $(warning CONFIG_X86_X32 enabled but no binutils support)
        endif
endif

如果binutils 程序集编译不成功，则失败。上面的命令可以手动检查（可执行文件和标志可能不同）：

CC=gcc-6
KBUILD_AFLAGS="-D__ASSEMBLY__  -m64"
OBJCOPY=objcopy
LD=ld
TMP=/tmp/dummytmp.tmp
TMPO=/tmp/dummyo.o

/bin/echo -e '1: .quad 1b' | \
$CC $KBUILD_AFLAGS -c -x assembler -o "$TMP" - && \
$OBJCOPY -O elf32-x86-64 "$TMP" "$TMPO" && \
$LD -m elf32_x86_64 "$TMPO" -o "$TMP"

Debian（可能还有 Ubuntu）用户可以检查系统完整性：

debsums -s

并重新安装损坏的软件包：

apt-get install --reinstall <space separated packages>

【讨论】：

【解决方案2】：

安装 binutils 并尝试删除驱动程序路径中的空格。查看完整的详细信息：

https://askubuntu.com/questions/367838/compiling-error-while-installing-realtek-rtl8111e-in-64-bit-13-10-config-x86-x

【讨论】：

这个。非常感谢，我把头发扯掉了（顺便说一句，上面的链接现在已经坏了，但你的回答就足够了。
我应该知道...空间是邪恶的。

【解决方案3】：

解决这两个问题后自己回答，第一个由Banthar指出，第二个由我自己解决。

第一个问题是CONFIG_X86_32 和CONFIG_X86_X32 是两个不同的变量。 CONFIG_X86_X32（x32 ABI for 64-bit mode）必须设置为N才能解决与binutils支持相关的问题。

另一个问题是nobjdump 和nld：

/bin/sh: 1: nobjdump: not found

/bin/sh: 1: nld: not found

这可以通过符号链接轻松解决：

$ su
# cd /usr/bin
# ln -s objdump nobjdump
# ln -s ld nld

【讨论】：

【解决方案4】：

我不确定nobjdump: not found，但如果内核源目录属于root 并且您以非特权用户身份运行，则在某些情况下可以获得CONFIG_X86_X32 enabled but no binutils support。试试sudo make。

CONFIG_X86_X32 enabled but no binutils support 的另一个常见原因是编译目录中的空格，但这显然不是您的问题。

【讨论】：