如何进一步调查问题？
我在 ArchLinux 上，所以情况可能会有所不同（尽管两者都存在 systemd），但这是我要尝试的：
- 系统是否以某种方式创建任何内核？
让我们转储一个无害的核心来测试：
在bash 壳：
sleep 200 & kill -11 "$!"
这在dmesg -w 中显示以下内容：
[17894.861369] systemd[1]: Started Process Core Dump (PID 31964/UID 0).
[17895.030166] systemd-coredump[31975]: Process 31963 (bash) of user 1000 dumped core.
Stack trace of thread 31963:
#0 0x00007c0aff6c642b kill (libc.so.6)
#1 0x000056e836d6c56a termsig_handler.part.2 (bash)
#2 0x000056e836d6c6d3 termsig_handler (bash)
#3 0x000056e836d3a1b3 execute_simple_command (bash)
#4 0x000056e836d3b20e execute_command_internal (bash)
#5 0x000056e836d3b469 execute_command_internal (bash)
#6 0x000056e836d3cf12 execute_command (bash)
#7 0x000056e836d247f2 reader_loop (bash)
#8 0x000056e836d2320d main (bash)
#9 0x00007c0aff6b21bb __libc_start_main (libc.so.6)
#10 0x000056e836d235ce _start (bash)
[17895.030324] systemd[1]: systemd-coredump@5-31964-0.service: Succeeded.
并以coredumpctl -r |head -2 列为最新：
TIME PID UID GID SIG COREFILE EXE
Sat 2019-05-18 21:48:22 CEST 31963 1000 1000 11 present /usr/bin/bash
还有：
$ ls -rlat /var/lib/systemd/coredump/|tail -n1
-rw-r-----+ 1 root root 3907584 18.05.2019 21:48 core.bash.1000.6d7dce73cd2342759a18d47914c16007.31963.1558208902000000
所以，由于它是最新的，我可以运行 coredumpctl gdb 以在其上启动 gdb，然后在 gdb 中输入 thread apply all bt full 来查看一些信息：
$ coredumpctl gdb
PID: 31963 (bash)
UID: 1000 (user)
GID: 1000 (user)
Signal: 11 (SEGV)
Timestamp: Sat 2019-05-18 21:48:22 CEST (3min 51s ago)
Command Line: -bash
Executable: /usr/bin/bash
Control Group: /user.slice/user-1000.slice/session-1.scope
Unit: session-1.scope
Slice: user-1000.slice
Session: 1
Owner UID: 1000 (user)
Boot ID: 6d7dce73cd2342759a18d47914c16007
Machine ID: 5767ef25f523419aaa049f3d74481940
Hostname: i87k
Storage: /var/lib/systemd/coredump/core.bash.1000.6d7dce73cd2342759a18d47914c16007.31963.1558208902000000
Message: Process 31963 (bash) of user 1000 dumped core.
Stack trace of thread 31963:
#0 0x00007c0aff6c642b kill (libc.so.6)
#1 0x000056e836d6c56a termsig_handler.part.2 (bash)
#2 0x000056e836d6c6d3 termsig_handler (bash)
#3 0x000056e836d3a1b3 execute_simple_command (bash)
#4 0x000056e836d3b20e execute_command_internal (bash)
#5 0x000056e836d3b469 execute_command_internal (bash)
#6 0x000056e836d3cf12 execute_command (bash)
#7 0x000056e836d247f2 reader_loop (bash)
#8 0x000056e836d2320d main (bash)
#9 0x00007c0aff6b21bb __libc_start_main (libc.so.6)
#10 0x000056e836d235ce _start (bash)
GNU gdb (GDB) 8.2.1
Copyright (C) 2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
Type "show copying" and "show warranty" for details.
This GDB was configured as "x86_64-pc-linux-gnu".
Type "show configuration" for configuration details.
For bug reporting instructions, please see:
<http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/bugs/>.
Find the GDB manual and other documentation resources online at:
<http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/documentation/>.
For help, type "help".
Type "apropos word" to search for commands related to "word"...
Reading symbols from /usr/bin/bash...done.
[New LWP 31963]
Core was generated by `-bash'.
Program terminated with signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
#0 0x00007c0aff6c642b in kill () at ../sysdeps/unix/syscall-template.S:78
78 ../sysdeps/unix/syscall-template.S: No such file or directory.
(gdb) thread apply all bt full
Thread 1 (LWP 31963):
#0 0x00007c0aff6c642b in kill () at ../sysdeps/unix/syscall-template.S:78
No locals.
#1 0x000056e836d6c56a in termsig_handler.part ()
No symbol table info available.
#2 0x000056e836d6c6d3 in termsig_handler ()
No symbol table info available.
#3 0x000056e836d3a1b3 in execute_simple_command ()
No symbol table info available.
#4 0x000056e836d3b20e in execute_command_internal ()
No symbol table info available.
#5 0x000056e836d3b469 in execute_command_internal ()
No symbol table info available.
#6 0x000056e836d3cf12 in execute_command ()
No symbol table info available.
#7 0x000056e836d247f2 in reader_loop ()
No symbol table info available.
#8 0x000056e836d2320d in main ()
No symbol table info available.
(gdb)
没什么可看的，因为bash 没有用调试符号编译或被剥离它们。
在执行 ./configure ... && make 之前，使用额外的 CFLAGS 重新编译 bash，例如：
export CFLAGS="${CFLAGS} -fstack-protector-strong -fno-omit-frame-pointer -ftrack-macro-expansion=2 -ggdb -fvar-tracking-assignments -O0"
（如果你想保持当前程序的行为，也许你不会想要-O0，否则它可能不会再崩溃了）
然后重新运行上述sleep 以创建一个新的核心转储，产生以下更丰富的结果：
$ coredumpctl gdb
PID: 29241 (bash)
UID: 1000 (user)
GID: 1000 (user)
Signal: 11 (SEGV)
Timestamp: Sat 2019-05-18 22:01:41 CEST (13s ago)
Command Line: -bash
Executable: /usr/bin/bash
Control Group: /user.slice/user-1000.slice/session-1.scope
Unit: session-1.scope
Slice: user-1000.slice
Session: 1
Owner UID: 1000 (user)
Boot ID: 6d7dce73cd2342759a18d47914c16007
Machine ID: 5767ef25f523419aaa049f3d74481940
Hostname: i87k
Storage: /var/lib/systemd/coredump/core.bash.1000.6d7dce73cd2342759a18d47914c16007.29241.1558209701000000
Message: Process 29241 (bash) of user 1000 dumped core.
Stack trace of thread 29241:
#0 0x00007775d0d2642b kill (libc.so.6)
#1 0x000060b781bce2c8 termsig_handler (bash)
#2 0x000060b781b9107b execute_simple_command (bash)
#3 0x000060b781b8aa1c execute_command_internal (bash)
#4 0x000060b781b8dde0 execute_connection (bash)
#5 0x000060b781b8ade5 execute_command_internal (bash)
#6 0x000060b781b89f45 execute_command (bash)
#7 0x000060b781b72e66 reader_loop (bash)
#8 0x000060b781b70906 main (bash)
#9 0x00007775d0d121bb __libc_start_main (libc.so.6)
#10 0x000060b781b6fe2e _start (bash)
GNU gdb (GDB) 8.2.1
Copyright (C) 2018 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>
This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it.
There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.
Type "show copying" and "show warranty" for details.
This GDB was configured as "x86_64-pc-linux-gnu".
Type "show configuration" for configuration details.
For bug reporting instructions, please see:
<http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/bugs/>.
Find the GDB manual and other documentation resources online at:
<http://www.gnu.org/software/gdb/documentation/>.
For help, type "help".
Type "apropos word" to search for commands related to "word"...
Reading symbols from /usr/bin/bash...done.
[New LWP 29241]
Core was generated by `-bash'.
Program terminated with signal SIGSEGV, Segmentation fault.
#0 0x00007775d0d2642b in kill () at ../sysdeps/unix/syscall-template.S:78
78 ../sysdeps/unix/syscall-template.S: No such file or directory.
(gdb) thread apply all bt full
Thread 1 (LWP 29241):
#0 0x00007775d0d2642b in kill () at ../sysdeps/unix/syscall-template.S:78
No locals.
#1 0x000060b781bce2c8 in termsig_handler (sig=11) at sig.c:597
handling_termsig = 1
i = -2097452368
core = 24759
mask = {__val = {140729597269152, 106341271890333, 106341294191024, 106341271640912, 106341291662592, 106341294178848,
140729597269200, 106341271910973, 140729597269200, 106341294191024, 106341271640912, 106341271911463,
106341272462763, 0, 140729597269232, 106341271911163}}
#2 0x000060b781b9107b in execute_simple_command (simple_command=0x60b78310a8c0, pipe_in=-1, pipe_out=-1, async=1,
fds_to_close=0x60b7831196b0) at execute_cmd.c:4394
words = 0x60b78310b1b0
lastword = 0x7ffe29a79910
command_line = 0x0
lastarg = 0x0
temp = 0x0
first_word_quoted = 0
result = 0
builtin_is_special = 0
already_forked = 1
dofork = 1
old_last_async_pid = -1
builtin = 0x0
func = 0x0
old_builtin = 0
old_command_builtin = -2098586400
#3 0x000060b781b8aa1c in execute_command_internal (command=0x60b783107410, asynchronous=1, pipe_in=-1, pipe_out=-1,
fds_to_close=0x60b7831196b0) at execute_cmd.c:845
exec_result = 0
user_subshell = 0
invert = 0
ignore_return = 0
was_error_trap = 0
my_undo_list = 0x0
exec_undo_list = 0x0
tcmd = 0x0
save_line_number = 1
ofifo = 0
nfifo = 0
osize = 0
saved_fifo = 0
ofifo_list = 0x5b0000006e <error: Cannot access memory at address 0x5b0000006e>
#4 0x000060b781b8dde0 in execute_connection (command=0x60b783119680, asynchronous=0, pipe_in=-1, pipe_out=-1,
fds_to_close=0x60b7831196b0) at execute_cmd.c:2690
tc = 0x60b783107410
--Type <RET> for more, q to quit, c to continue without paging--c
second = 0x0
ignore_return = 0
exec_result = -2098586400
was_error_trap = 0
invert = 3
save_line_number = 0
#5 0x000060b781b8ade5 in execute_command_internal (command=0x60b783119680, asynchronous=0, pipe_in=-1, pipe_out=-1, fds_to_close=0x60b7831196b0) at execute_cmd.c:1018
exec_result = 0
user_subshell = 0
invert = 0
ignore_return = 0
was_error_trap = 32766
my_undo_list = 0x0
exec_undo_list = 0x0
tcmd = 0x0
save_line_number = -2117800288
ofifo = 24759
nfifo = -2096071056
osize = 24759
saved_fifo = 0
ofifo_list = 0x60b781b89d9c <dispose_fd_bitmap> "UH\211\345H\203\354\020H\211}\370H\213E\370H\213@\bH\205\300t\020H\213E\370H\213@\bH\211\307\350\253R\376\377H\213E\370H\211\307\350\237R\376\377\220\311\303UH\211\345SH\203\354\030H\211}\350H\203", <incomplete sequence \350>
#6 0x000060b781b89f45 in execute_command (command=0x60b783119680) at execute_cmd.c:394
bitmap = 0x60b7831196b0
result = 0
#7 0x000060b781b72e66 in reader_loop () at eval.c:175
code = 0
our_indirection_level = 1
current_command = 0x60b783119680
#8 0x000060b781b70906 in main (argc=1, argv=0x7ffe29a79918, env=0x7ffe29a79928) at shell.c:805
i = 20
code = 0
old_errexit_flag = 0
saverst = 0
locally_skip_execution = 0
arg_index = 1
top_level_arg_index = 1
(gdb)
但是，可能会创建 coredump，但 systemd 可能会在一段时间后清理/删除它（例如，coredumpctl 报告的我早于 3 天的所有 coredump 都是 missing - 不确定原因，考虑到我的设置 -也许您看到了类似的问题？），或者由于空间限制甚至没有创建它（请参阅下面提到的所有/etc/systemd/coredump.conf）。
让我们看看：
systemd-coredump 是否设置为运行以创建核心转储？
$ sysctl -a |grep kernel.core
kernel.core_pattern = |/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-coredump %P %u %g %s %t %c %h %e
kernel.core_pipe_limit = 0
kernel.core_uses_pid = 1
$ ls -la /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-coredump
-rwxr-xr-x 1 root root 55296 13.05.2019 11:46 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-coredump*
内核是否支持核心转储？
$ zcat /proc/config.gz |grep -i 'core.*dump'
CONFIG_CORE_DUMP_DEFAULT_ELF_HEADERS=y
CONFIG_COREDUMP=y
CONFIG_ALLOW_DEV_COREDUMP=y
# CONFIG_PROC_VMCORE_DEVICE_DUMP is not set
CONFIG_COREDUMP=y 可能就够了。
我想看的其他东西：
$ systemctl|grep core
systemd-coredump.socket loaded active listening Process Core Dump Socket
$ cat /etc/systemd/coredump.conf
# This file is part of systemd.
#
# systemd is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
# under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
# the Free Software Foundation; either version 2.1 of the License, or
# (at your option) any later version.
#
# Entries in this file show the compile time defaults.
# You can change settings by editing this file.
# Defaults can be restored by simply deleting this file.
#
# See coredump.conf(5) for details.
[Coredump]
#Storage=external
#Compress=yes
Compress=no
#ProcessSizeMax=2G
ProcessSizeMax=10G
#ExternalSizeMax=2G
ExternalSizeMax=10G
#JournalSizeMax=767M
JournalSizeMax=10G
#MaxUse=
#KeepFree=
man 5 coredump.conf 显示一些信息：
All options are configured in the "[Coredump]" section:
Storage=
Controls where to store cores. One of "none", "external", and "journal". When "none", the core dumps may be
logged (including the backtrace if possible), but not stored permanently. When "external" (the default), cores
will be stored in /var/lib/systemd/coredump/. When "journal", cores will be stored in the journal and rotated
following normal journal rotation patterns.
When cores are stored in the journal, they might be compressed following journal compression settings, see
journald.conf(5). When cores are stored externally, they will be compressed by default, see below.
Compress=
Controls compression for external storage. Takes a boolean argument, which defaults to "yes".
ProcessSizeMax=
The maximum size in bytes of a core which will be processed. Core dumps exceeding this size may be stored, but
the backtrace will not be generated.
Setting Storage=none and ProcessSizeMax=0 disables all coredump handling except for a log entry.
ExternalSizeMax=, JournalSizeMax=
The maximum (uncompressed) size in bytes of a core to be saved.
MaxUse=, KeepFree=
Enforce limits on the disk space taken up by externally stored core dumps. MaxUse= makes sure that old core
dumps are removed as soon as the total disk space taken up by core dumps grows beyond this limit (defaults to 10%
of the total disk size). KeepFree= controls how much disk space to keep free at least (defaults to 15% of the
total disk size). Note that the disk space used by core dumps might temporarily exceed these limits while core
dumps are processed. Note that old core dumps are also removed based on time via systemd-tmpfiles(8). Set either
value to 0 to turn off size-based clean-up.
The defaults for all values are listed as comments in the template /etc/systemd/coredump.conf file that is installed
by default.
$ cd /etc/systemd && grep -nrIFi core
coredump.conf:12:# See coredump.conf(5) for details.
coredump.conf:14:[Coredump]
system.conf:19:DumpCore=yes
system.conf:20:#DefaultLimitCORE=
system.conf:21:#^ man 2 setrlimit: RLIMIT_CORE
system.conf:22:#This is the maximum size of a core file (see core(5)) in bytes that the process may dump. When 0 no core dump
user.conf:34:#DefaultLimitCORE=
user.conf:35:#^ man 2 setrlimit: RLIMIT_CORE
user.conf:36:#This is the maximum size of a core file (see core(5)) in bytes that the process may dump. When 0 no core dump
这些似乎对我有用。 （如果更改，则需要 sudo systemctl daemon-reload）
另请参阅：man 8 systemd-coredump，它表示核心转储保存在 /var/lib/systemd/coredump 中，您甚至可以找到其他有用的信息（以及重定向到 man 5 core）
我改变的另一件事：
$ colordiff -up /etc/security/limits.conf.ORIG /etc/security/limits.conf
--- /etc/security/limits.conf.ORIG 2017-12-29 21:26:09.000000000 +0100
+++ /etc/security/limits.conf 2017-12-29 21:26:09.000000000 +0100
@@ -47,4 +47,11 @@
#ftp hard nproc 0
#@student - maxlogins 4
+#* soft core unlimited
+#^ this doesn't affect the root user!! what the!
+#@root soft core unlimited
+0: soft core unlimited
+#^ all uids from 0 upwards! so what I thought * was doing!
+#hmm works with su -, but not with ssh !
+
# End of file
即。我正在使用这条线：
0: soft core unlimited
而不是通常推荐的：
* soft core unlimited
虽然我现在注意到 Arch Linux recommends:
* hard core 0
我要做的另一件事是使用完整的调试和符号重新编译 glibc，以便下次程序崩溃时可以使用它们in libc-2.26.so。我这样做的方法是确保strip（来自PKGBUILD）不运行，我使用：
CPPFLAGS="${CPPFLAGS} -fno-omit-frame-pointer -ftrack-macro-expansion=2 -ggdb -fvar-tracking-assignments -O2"
CXXFLAGS="${CXXFLAGS} -fno-omit-frame-pointer -ftrack-macro-expansion=2 -ggdb -fvar-tracking-assignments"
CFLAGS="${CFLAGS} -fno-omit-frame-pointer -ftrack-macro-expansion=2 -ggdb -fvar-tracking-assignments"
如果您仍然没有获得核心转储（对于您的程序！），也许可以查看内核中的 /proc/<pid>/coredump_filter Documentation/filesystems/proc.txt
更新：因为您只有一条 dmesg 行（并且没有核心转储），所以 this answer 可能会帮助您获取一些信息。你可能需要你的 CentOS 使用的 glibc 2.26 的源代码，除非你对仅仅阅读汇编代码感到满意；）
UPDATE2：尝试运行coredumpctl 26176，即使它没有内核，您仍应该看到堆栈跟踪，例如：
$ coredumpctl -S '2019-05-04 23:37:56' -U '2019-05-05 23:37:56'
TIME PID UID GID SIG COREFILE EXE
Sat 2019-05-04 23:37:56 CEST 3888 0 0 7 missing /usr/bin/mc
Sat 2019-05-04 23:40:08 CEST 3916 0 0 7 missing /usr/bin/mc
$ coredumpctl info 3888
PID: 3888 (mc)
UID: 0 (root)
GID: 0 (root)
Signal: 7 (BUS)
Timestamp: Sat 2019-05-04 23:37:56 CEST (2 weeks 0 days ago)
Command Line: mc
Executable: /usr/bin/mc
Control Group: /user.slice/user-0.slice/session-5.scope
Unit: session-5.scope
Slice: user-0.slice
Session: 5
Owner UID: 0 (root)
Boot ID: ce932e7af1f04bc3af1c9573c70a912d
Machine ID: 5767ef25f523419aaa049f3d74481940
Hostname: i87k
Storage: /var/lib/systemd/coredump/core.mc.0.ce932e7af1f04bc3af1c9573c70a912d.3888.1557005876000000 (inaccessible)
Message: Process 3888 (mc) of user 0 dumped core.
Stack trace of thread 3888:
#0 0x00007f54782d427e __memcmp_avx2_movbe (libc.so.6)
#1 0x000055db1382fdad n/a (mc)
#2 0x000055db137cb126 n/a (mc)
#3 0x000055db1380102d n/a (mc)
#4 0x000055db13801bff n/a (mc)
#5 0x000055db137b2d6c n/a (mc)
#6 0x000055db137b2f65 n/a (mc)
#7 0x000055db137cc8e2 n/a (mc)
#8 0x000055db137a6782 n/a (mc)
#9 0x00007f547819dce3 __libc_start_main (libc.so.6)
#10 0x000055db137a68fe n/a (mc)
那么也许你可以使用我上面提到的技巧（在更新中）来查看每个地址，假设你在崩溃发生后没有更新你的系统！