【问题标题】:How to rotate proxies and user agents如何轮换代理和用户代理
【发布时间】:2019-08-13 16:31:33
【问题描述】:

我正在编写一个 Scrapy 程序,我在这个网站上登录并抓取不同扑克牌的数据,http://www.starcitygames.com/buylist/。但是我只从这个 url 中抓取 ID 值,然后我使用该 ID 号重定向到不同的 URL,并抓取该 JSON 网页,并对所有 207 个不同类别的卡片执行此操作。我看起来更真实一点,然后直接使用 JSON 数据访问 URL。无论如何,我之前用多个 URL 编写了 Scrapy 程序,并且我可以将这些程序设置为轮换代理和用户代理,但是我将如何在这个程序中做到这一点?由于从技术上讲只有一个 URL,有没有办法将其设置为在抓取 5 个左右不同的 JSON 数据页后切换到不同的代理和用户代理?我不希望它随机旋转。我希望它每次都使用相同的代理和用户代理抓取相同的 JSON 网页。我希望一切都说得通。这对于堆栈溢出可能有点宽泛,但我不知道如何做到这一点,所以我想无论如何我都会问是否有人对如何做到这一点有任何好的想法。

# Import needed functions and call needed python files
import scrapy
import json
from scrapy.spiders import Spider
from scrapy_splash import SplashRequest
from ..items import DataItem

# Spider class
class LoginSpider(scrapy.Spider):
    # Name of spider
    name = "LoginSpider"

    #URL where dated is located
    start_urls = ["http://www.starcitygames.com/buylist/"]

    # Login function
    def parse(self, response):
        # Login using email and password than proceed to after_login function
        return scrapy.FormRequest.from_response(
        response,
        formcss='#existing_users form',
        formdata={'ex_usr_email': 'example@email.com', 'ex_usr_pass': 'password'},
        callback=self.after_login
        )


    # Function to barse buylist website
    def after_login(self, response):
        # Loop through website and get all the ID numbers for each category of card and plug into the end of the below
        # URL then go to parse data function
        for category_id in response.xpath('//select[@id="bl-category-options"]/option/@value').getall():
            yield scrapy.Request(
                    url="http://www.starcitygames.com/buylist/search?search-type=category&id={category_id}".format(category_id=category_id),
                    callback=self.parse_data,
                    )
    # Function to parse JSON dasta
    def parse_data(self, response):
        # Declare variables
        jsonreponse = json.loads(response.body_as_unicode())
        # Call DataItem class from items.py
        items = DataItem()

        # Scrape category name
        items['Category'] = jsonreponse['search']
        # Loop where other data is located
        for result in jsonreponse['results']:
            # Inside this loop, run through loop until all data is scraped
            for index in range(len(result)):
                # Scrape the rest of needed data
                items['Card_Name'] = result[index]['name']
                items['Condition'] = result[index]['condition']
                items['Rarity'] = result[index]['rarity']
                items['Foil'] = result[index]['foil']
                items['Language'] = result[index]['language']
                items['Buy_Price'] = result[index]['price']
                # Return all data
                yield items

【问题讨论】:

标签: python scrapy scrapy-splash


【解决方案1】:

我会为你推荐这个包 Scrapy-UserAgents

pip install scrapy-useragents

在你的 setting.py 文件中

DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
'scrapy.downloadermiddlewares.useragent.UserAgentMiddleware': None,
'scrapy_useragents.downloadermiddlewares.useragents.UserAgentsMiddleware': 500,

}

要轮换的用户代理示例列表

More User Agents

USER_AGENTS = [
    ('Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) '
     'AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) '
     'Chrome/57.0.2987.110 '
     'Safari/537.36'),  # chrome
    ('Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) '
     'AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) '
     'Chrome/61.0.3163.79 '
     'Safari/537.36'),  # chrome
    ('Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:55.0) '
     'Gecko/20100101 '
     'Firefox/55.0'),  # firefox
    ('Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) '
     'AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) '
     'Chrome/61.0.3163.91 '
     'Safari/537.36'),  # chrome
    ('Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) '
     'AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) '
     'Chrome/62.0.3202.89 '
     'Safari/537.36'),  # chrome
    ('Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) '
     'AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) '
     'Chrome/63.0.3239.108 '
     'Safari/537.36'),  # chrome
]

注意这个中间件不能处理COOKIES_ENABLED为True的情况,并且网站将cookies与User-Agent绑定,可能会导致spider不可预知的结果。

【讨论】:

    【解决方案2】:

    代理 我会找一家提供旋转器的公司,这样你就不必搞砸了,但是你可以编写一个自定义中间件,我将向你展示如何。您要做的是编辑流程请求方法。您既可以更改代理,也可以更改用户代理。

    用户代理 您可以使用 Scrapy 随机用户代理中间件 https://github.com/cleocn/scrapy-random-useragent 或者这就是您可以使用中间件(包括代理或任何其他标头)更改任何您想要的请求对象的方式。

    # middlewares.py
    
    user_agents = ['agent1', 'agent2', 'agent3', 'agent4']
    proxies = ['ip1:port1', 'ip2:port2', 'ip3:port3', 'ip4:port4'
    
    # either have your user agents in a file or something this assumes you are able to get them into a list.
    
    class MyMiddleware(object):
        @classmethod
        def from_crawler(cls, crawler):
            # This method is used by Scrapy to create your spiders.
            s = cls()
            crawler.signals.connect(s.spider_opened, signal=signals.spider_opened)
            return s
    
        def process_request(self, request, spider):
            # Called for each request that goes through the downloader
            # middleware.
    
            # Must either:
            # - return None: continue processing this request
            # - or return a Response object
            # - or return a Request object
            # - or raise IgnoreRequest: process_exception() methods of
            #   installed downloader middleware will be called
            request.headers['User-Agent'] = random.choice(user_agents) # !! These 2 lines
            request.meta['proxy'] = random.choice(proxies) # !! These 2 lines
            return None
    
        def process_response(self, request, response, spider):
            # Called with the response returned from the downloader.
    
            # Must either;
            # - return a Response object
            # - return a Request object
            # - or raise IgnoreRequest
            return response
    
        def process_exception(self, request, exception, spider):
            # Called when a download handler or a process_request()
            # (from other downloader middleware) raises an exception.
    
            # Must either:
            # - return None: continue processing this exception
            # - return a Response object: stops process_exception() chain
            # - return a Request object: stops process_exception() chain
            pass
    
        def spider_opened(self, spider):
            spider.logger.info('Spider opened: %s' % spider.name)
    
    # settings.py
    
    
    DOWNLOADER_MIDDLEWARES = {
        'project.middlewares.MyMiddleware': 543,
    }
    

    参考资料: https://docs.scrapy.org/en/latest/topics/request-response.html

    【讨论】:

    • 我有一个包含 ip:port:username:password 的代理列表,如何在我的请求中添加这 4 个参数
    【解决方案3】:

    用户代理: 我使用了这个工具,它可以让您的用户代理列表始终使用最新和最常用的用户代理进行更新: https://pypi.org/project/shadow-useragent/

    
        from shadow_useragent import ShadowUserAgent
        shadow_useragent = ShadowUserAgent()
    
         print(shadow_useragent.firefox)
         # Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Ubuntu; Linux x86_64; rv:67.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/67.0
         print(shadow_useragent.chrome)
         # Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/74.0.3729.169 Safari/537.36
         print(shadow_useragent.safari)
         # Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_14_5) AppleWebKit/605.1.15 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/12.1.1 Safari/605.1.15
         print(shadow_useragent.edge)
         # Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/64.0.3282.140 Safari/537.36 Edge/17.17134
         print(shadow_useragent.ie)
         # Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.1; WOW64; Trident/7.0; rv:11.0) like Gecko
         print(shadow_useragent.android)
         # Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; U; Android 4.3; en-us; SM-N900T Build/JSS15J) AppleWebKit/534.30 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/4.0 Mobile Safari/534.30
         print(shadow_useragent.ipad)
         # Mozilla/5.0 (iPad; CPU OS 12_3_1 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/605.1.15 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/12.1.1 Mobile/15E148 Safari/604.1
         print(shadow_useragent.random)
         # Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.3; Win64; x64; rv:68.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/68.0
    
         print(shadow_useragent.random_nomobile)
         # Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/75.0.3770.90 Safari/537.36
    
        # and the best one, random via real world browser usage statistic
        print(ua.random)
        # Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/75.0.3770.90 Safari/537.36
    
        # if you want to excluse mobiles (some websites will display different pages)
        print(shadow_useragent.random_nomobile)
        # Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/75.0.3770.90 Safari/537.36
    
    

    【讨论】:

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