简单地说,enum 只是一个命名的常量值,例如:
enum Settings
{
setting_number_0,
setting_number_1,
setting_number_2,
};
在上面的示例中,setting_number_X 只是值 X 的命名常量,因为枚举值从 0 开始并单调递增。
然后保留这些,在某些类型的容器中提供整数的基本存储类型,但仍然可以在某种程度上是类型安全的。
std::vector<Setting> app_settings;
// this works
app_settings.push_back(setting_number_0);
// this is a compile time failure, even though the underlying storage
// type for Setting is an integral value. This keeps you from adding
// invalid settings types to your container (like 13 here)
app_settings.push_back(13);
// but you also cannot (directly) add valid setting values (like 1)
// as an integral, this is also a compile time failure.
app_settings.push_back(1);
现在,假设您想添加额外的特定设置类型并将它们全部保存在一个容器中。
enum DisplaySettings
{
// ...
};
enum EngineSettings
{
// ...
};
现在,如果您想将所有设置保存在一个容器中,则不能安全地。您可以将所有整数值存储在 std::vector<int> 或类似容器中,但这会导致您无法确定哪些整数类型属于哪些设置枚举。此外,由于类型不同,您不能将它们存储在单个类型安全的容器中。
解决此问题的正确方法是将设置的功能存储在容器中,如下所示:
#include <vector>
#include <iostream>
// This is our "base class" type so we can store lots of
// different setting types in our container
class setting_action
{
public:
// we enable the setting by calling our function
void enable_setting()
{
setting_function_(this);
}
protected:
// This is a function pointer, and we're using it to get some
// compile time polymorphism
typedef void (*setting_function_type)(setting_action* setting);
// these can only be constructed by derived types, and the derived
// type will provide the polymorhpic behavior by means of the
// above function pointer and based on the derived type's handler
setting_action(setting_function_type func)
: setting_function_(func)
{
}
public:
~setting_action()
{
}
private:
setting_function_type setting_function_;
};
// This is the derived type, and where most of the magic
// happens. This is templated on our actual setting type
// that we define below
template <class Setting>
class templated_setting_action
: public setting_action
{
public:
templated_setting_action(Setting setting)
: setting_action(&templated_setting_action::enable_setting)
, setting_(setting)
{
}
// This function catches the "enable_setting" call from
// our base class, and directs it to the handler functor
// object that we've defined
static void enable_setting(setting_action* base)
{
templated_setting_action<Setting>* local_this =
static_cast<templated_setting_action<Setting>*>(base);
local_this->setting_();
}
private:
Setting setting_;
};
// this is just a shorthand way of creating the specialized types
template <class T>
setting_action* create_specialized_setting_action(T type)
{
return
new templated_setting_action<T>(type);
}
// Our actual settings:
// this one displays the user name
struct display_user_name
{
void operator()()
{
std::cout << "Chad.\n";
}
};
// this one displays a short welcome message
struct display_welcome_message
{
void operator()()
{
std::cout << "Ahh, the magic of templates. Welcome!\n";
}
};
// now, we can have one container for ALL our application settings
std::vector<setting_action*> app_settings;
int main()
{
// now we can add our settings to the container...
app_settings.push_back(create_specialized_setting_action(display_user_name()));
app_settings.push_back(create_specialized_setting_action(display_welcome_message()));
// and individually enable them
app_settings[0]->enable_setting();
app_settings[1]->enable_setting();
// also, need to delete each setting to avoid leaking the memory
// left as an exercise for the reader :)
return 0;
}