SQL快速参考及基本语法

SQL 快速参考

SQL 语句	语法
AND / OR	SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE condition AND\|OR condition
ALTER TABLE	ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name datatype or ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name
AS (alias)	SELECT column_name AS column_alias FROM table_name or SELECT column_name FROM table_name AS table_alias
BETWEEN	SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name BETWEEN value1 AND value2
CREATE DATABASE	CREATE DATABASE database_name
CREATE TABLE	CREATE TABLE table_name ( column_name1 data_type, column_name2 data_type, column_name2 data_type, ... )
CREATE INDEX	CREATE INDEX index_name ON table_name (column_name) or CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_name ON table_name (column_name)
CREATE VIEW	CREATE VIEW view_name AS SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE condition
DELETE	DELETE FROM table_name WHERE some_column=some_value or DELETE FROM table_name (Note: Deletes the entire table!!) DELETE * FROM table_name (Note: Deletes the entire table!!)
DROP DATABASE	DROP DATABASE database_name
DROP INDEX	DROP INDEX table_name.index_name (SQL Server) DROP INDEX index_name ON table_name (MS Access) DROP INDEX index_name (DB2/Oracle) ALTER TABLE table_name DROP INDEX index_name (MySQL)
DROP TABLE	DROP TABLE table_name
GROUP BY	SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name) FROM table_name WHERE column_name operator value GROUP BY column_name
HAVING	SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name) FROM table_name WHERE column_name operator value GROUP BY column_name HAVING aggregate_function(column_name) operator value
IN	SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name IN (value1,value2,..)
INSERT INTO	INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (value1, value2, value3,....) or INSERT INTO table_name (column1, column2, column3,...) VALUES (value1, value2, value3,....)
INNER JOIN	SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name1 INNER JOIN table_name2 ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name
LEFT JOIN	SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name1 LEFT JOIN table_name2 ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name
RIGHT JOIN	SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name1 RIGHT JOIN table_name2 ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name
FULL JOIN	SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name1 FULL JOIN table_name2 ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name
LIKE	SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name LIKE pattern
ORDER BY	SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name ORDER BY column_name [ASC\|DESC]
SELECT	SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name
SELECT *	SELECT * FROM table_name
SELECT DISTINCT	SELECT DISTINCT column_name(s) FROM table_name
SELECT INTO	SELECT * INTO new_table_name [IN externaldatabase] FROM old_table_name or SELECT column_name(s) INTO new_table_name [IN externaldatabase] FROM old_table_name
SELECT TOP	SELECT TOP number\|percent column_name(s) FROM table_name
TRUNCATE TABLE	TRUNCATE TABLE table_name
UNION	SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name1 UNION SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name2
UNION ALL	SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name1 UNION ALL SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name2
UPDATE	UPDATE table_name SET column1=value, column2=value,... WHERE some_column=some_value
WHERE	SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name WHERE column_name operator value

数据库表

一个数据库通常包含一个或多个表。每个表有一个名字标识（例如:"Websites"）,表包含带有数据的记录（行）。

在本教程中，我们在 MySQL 的 RUNOOB 数据库中创建了 Websites 表，用于存储网站记录。

我们可以通过以下命令查看 "Websites" 表的数据：

mysql> use RUNOOB;
Database changed

mysql> set names utf8;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT * FROM Websites;
+----+--------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+
| id | name         | url                       | alexa | country |
+----+--------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+
| 1  | Google       | https://www.google.cm/    | 1     | USA     |
| 2  | 淘宝          | https://www.taobao.com/   | 13    | CN      |
| 3  | 菜鸟教程      | http://www.runoob.com/    | 4689  | CN      |
| 4  | 微博          | http://weibo.com/         | 20    | CN      |
| 5  | Facebook     | https://www.facebook.com/ | 3     | USA     |
+----+--------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)

解析

use RUNOOB; 命令用于选择数据库。
set names utf8; 命令用于设置使用的字符集。
SELECT * FROM Websites; 读取数据表的信息。
上面的表包含五条记录（每一条对应一个网站信息）和5个列（id、name、url、alexa 和country）。

SQL 语句

您需要在数据库上执行的大部分工作都由 SQL 语句完成。

下面的 SQL 语句从 "Websites" 表中选取所有记录：

实例

SELECT * FROM Websites;

在本教程中，我们将为您讲解各种不同的 SQL 语句。

请记住...

SQL 对大小写不敏感：SELECT 与 select 是相同的。

SQL 语句后面的分号？

某些数据库系统要求在每条 SQL 语句的末端使用分号。

分号是在数据库系统中分隔每条 SQL 语句的标准方法，这样就可以在对服务器的相同请求中执行一条以上的 SQL 语句。

在本教程中，我们将在每条 SQL 语句的末端使用分号。

一些最重要的 SQL 命令

SELECT - 从数据库中提取数据
UPDATE - 更新数据库中的数据
DELETE - 从数据库中删除数据
INSERT INTO - 向数据库中插入新数据
CREATE DATABASE - 创建新数据库
ALTER DATABASE - 修改数据库
CREATE TABLE - 创建新表
ALTER TABLE - 变更（改变）数据库表
DROP TABLE - 删除表
CREATE INDEX - 创建索引（搜索键）
DROP INDEX - 删除索引

SQL基本用法

SQL WHERE 子句

WHERE 子句用于提取那些满足指定标准的记录。

SQL WHERE 语法

SELECT column_name,column_name
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value;

演示数据库

在本教程中，我们将使用 RUNOOB 样本数据库。

下面是选自 "Websites" 表的数据：

+----+--------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+
| id | name         | url                       | alexa | country |
+----+--------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+
| 1  | Google       | https://www.google.cm/    | 1     | USA     |
| 2  | 淘宝          | https://www.taobao.com/   | 13    | CN      |
| 3  | 菜鸟教程      | http://www.runoob.com/    | 4689  | CN      |
| 4  | 微博          | http://weibo.com/         | 20    | CN      |
| 5  | Facebook     | https://www.facebook.com/ | 3     | USA     |
+----+--------------+---------------------------+-------+---------+

WHERE 子句实例

下面的 SQL 语句从 "Websites" 表中选取国家为 "CN" 的所有网站：

实例

SELECT * FROM Websites WHERE country='CN';

执行输出结果：

SQL快速参考及基本语法

参考：http://www.runoob.com/sql/sql-tutorial.html